Table 1.
Study 1: Descriptive statistics.
Table 2.
Study 1: Zero-order correlations.
Table 3.
Study 1: Hierarchical regression results for internal and personally controllable attributions made by traditional students.
Table 4.
Study 1: Hierarchical regression results for stable and externally controllable attributions made by traditional students.
Fig 1.
Effects of stable attributions by scenario conditions on helplessness for traditional students.
Fig 2.
Effects of stable attributions by scenario conditions on boredom for traditional students.
Fig 3.
Effects of externally controllable attributions by scenario conditions on anxiety for traditional students.
Fig 4.
Effects of externally controllable attributions by scenario conditions on guilt for traditional students.
Table 5.
Study 1: Hierarchical regression results for internal and personally controllable attributions made by online students.
Table 6.
Study 1: Hierarchical regression results for stable and externally controllable attributions made by online students.
Table 7.
Study 2: Descriptive statistics.
Table 8.
Study 2: Zero-order correlations.
Fig 5.
Effects of stable attributions by experimental conditions on anxiety for traditional students.
Table 9.
Study 2: Hierarchical regression results for internal and personally controllable attributions made by traditional students.
Table 10.
Study 2: Hierarchical regression results for stable and externally controllable attributions made by traditional students.
Fig 6.
Effects of internal attributions by experimental conditions on anxiety for online students.
Fig 7.
Effects of externally controllable attributions by experimental conditions on anxiety for online students.
Table 11.
Study 2: Hierarchical regression results for internal and personally controllable attributions made by online students.
Table 12.
Study 2: Hierarchical regression results for stable and externally controllable attributions made by online students.
Fig 8.
Effects of personally controllable attributions by experimental conditions on hope for online students.
Fig 9.
Effects of stable attributions by experimental conditions on enjoyment for online students.