Fig 1.
Mean test results per school (percentage of students at or above the provincial standard in 2009) for reading, writing, and math scores in (A) Grade 3 (R = -0.750, P<2.2e-16, n = 251) and (B) Grade 6 (R = -0.508, P<2.2e-16, n = 281) as a function of a regional aggregated measure of socio-economic constants to learning (the learning opportunity index: LOI), within the Toronto District School Board in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Fig 2.
The average test scores of model outputs for Grade 6 students corrected for socio-economic factors using learning opportunity index (LOI) 2009 from all schools (n = 281) compared to (A) tree cover (R = 0.114, P < 0.055) (B) soft surface (R = -0.027, P = 0.655) (C) tree species diversity measured in Shannon-Wiener index (R = 0.028, P = 0.649) and for schools ranked higher on LOI 2009 (LOI ≥ 0.5) (n = 144) (D) tree cover (R = 0.229, P = 0.001) (E) soft surface (R = -0.081, P = 0.329) and (F) tree species diversity based on the Shannon-Wiener index (R = 0.139, P = 0.096). Data are for the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada for the years 2005–2010.
Table 1.
Coefficients and AICc values for alternative generalized linear models (GLMs) are shown as predictors of children’s academic performance quantified as the percent of grade 6 students passing above provincial standards in Toronto, Ontario (n = 281).
Table 2.
Coefficients and AICc values for alternative generalized linear models (GLMs) are shown as predictors of children’s academic performance quantified as the percent of grade 6 students passing above provincial standards in Toronto, Ontario in schools ranked higher on LOI (≥0.5) (n = 144).
CA1 is correspondence analysis on axis 1, and CA2 is correspondence analysis on axis 2 using species composition data.
Fig 3.
Correspondence analysis of species composition data on axis 1 and 2 from schools (n = 281) within the Toronto District School Board in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Species axis scores are shown by arrows, and schools by solid circles. The following species are Thuja occidentalis (14.2% of the total inertia), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (13.6% of the total inertia), Pinus nigra (11.2% of the total inertia), Tilia cordata (10.7% of the total inertia), Acer saccharinum (10.1% of the total inertia), Picea pungens (9.3% of the total inertia), Acer platanoides (8.3% of the total inertia), Acer saccharum (7.7% of the total inertia), Malus sylvestris (7.7% of the total inertia), and Gleditsia triacanthos (7.1% of the total inertia).