Fig 1.
MANET example.
Fig 2.
Memetic algorithm flow chart.
Table 1.
The proposed algorithm settings.
Table 2.
Analysis of variance for the 15 nodes network.
Table 3.
Analysis of variance for the 20 nodes network.
Table 4.
Analysis of variance for the 50 nodes network.
Fig 3.
Figs. 3a. and 3b. show the cost and delay comparisons in terms of the mean, min, and variance of the PM-EEGA and PM_ISGSA GAs and MA on the first dataset.
Fig 4.
The optimal multicast trees for: (a) MA, (b) BLA, (c) BA, and (d) MBO for the second dataset.
Table 5.
The fitness and property values of the optimal results generated by the different algorithms on the applied dataset.
The bold numbers emphasize the optimal values of properties.
Fig 5.
The optimal fitness solutions identified by applying different algorithms on the second dataset.
Fig 6.
The optimal fitness solution in generations (iteration times).
Table 6.
A comparison of optimal fitness solutions in generations (iteration times).