Fig 1.
The design of the circuit and the setup of the LPS.
LPS = Local positioning system. The particular sections that were used for determining the distances covered and sprint mechanical properties were numbered to allow a better assignment of the results provided in the tables and figures.
Fig 2.
Exemplary plots of the filtered velocity data and resulting distances covered as measured by the positioning systems during the circuit.
GPS = Global positioning system; LPS = local positioning system. While the number in brackets presents the section of the measurement within the circuit, the colored points show the standing phases(Fig 1). The vertical lines indicate the thresholds that were used to detect the start and end of the section within the circuit (see text). The entire distance covered was calculated twice: from the start to the end of the circuit (10) and through the summation of the single walking, jogging, and sprinting sections to correct for the noise observed during standing (10*).
Fig 3.
Exemplary plots for our applied data processing to model the sprint mechanical properties via the filtered velocity data and split times measured by the positioning systems and timing gates, respectively (B). For each technology, an exemplary plot for the filtered velocity data (A), modeled velocity data (C), and derived sprint mechanical properties (D) is also shown. GPS = Global positioning system; LPS = local positioning system. In (B), the grey functions show the data processing procedures applied to the filtered velocity data (A) measured by the positioning systems (i.e., exemplary shown for the LPS), whereas the black data represent the procedures applied to the split times assessed by the timing gates (see text). In (D), the theoretical horizontal force and power output is plotted over the modeled velocity (C) to exemplary show linear force-velocity and parabolic power-velocity profiles.
Table 1.
Descriptive data (mean±90% CI) of the positioning systems for determining the distances covered and sprint mechanical properties.
Table 2.
Validity (relative biases and absolute TEEs) of the positioning systems for determining the distances covered and sprint mechanical properties.
Fig 4.
Validity (relative TEEs; A) and reliability (relative TEs presented as CVs; B) of the positioning systems for determining the distances covered. GPS = Global positioning system; LPS = local positioning system; TEE = Typical error of estimate; TE = Typical error; CV = Coefficient of variation; CI = Confidence interval; COD = Change of direction. The numbers in the brackets present the section of measurement within the circuit (Fig 1).
Fig 5.
Validity (relative TEEs; A) and reliability (relative TEs presented as CVs; B) of the positioning systems for determining the sprint mechanical properties. GPS = Global positioning system; LPS = local positioning system; TEE = Typical error of estimate; TE = Typical error; CV = Coefficient of variation; CI = Confidence interval; Vmax = Theoretical maximal running velocity; Fmax = Theoretical maximal horizontal force; Pmax = Theoretical maximal horizontal power. The numbers in the brackets present the section of measurement within the circuit (Fig 1).
Table 3.
Reliability (relative biases and absolute TEs) of the positioning systems for determining the distances covered and sprint mechanical properties.