Fig 1.
LP and FFP attenuate EC permeability on Transwells.
Transwell permeability of treated wells to FITC-dextrans (40kD) after treatment with 10%(A) and 30%(B) of the fluids tested respectively. FFP and LP are significantly less than control and LR at time points 30 minutes and beyond while FFP and LP are significantly different on at the 90 and 120 time points, p < 0.05 via post hoc turkey tests of an unpaired Two-way ANOVA. Controls and FFP were featured in Wataha et al. (2013). [16].
Fig 2.
LP and FFP increase TEER of EC monolayers.
(A) Mean average ECIS generated traces of the TEER of HUVECs treated with 10% media (control), LR, FFP or LP. (B) Area under the curve analysis for thirty minutes after the addition of treatment. * = (p<0.05) compared to control via post hoc turkey tests of an unpaired one-way ANOVA.
Fig 3.
FFP and LP prevent VEGF disruption of adherens junctions.
Cells were pretreated with LR, FFP, LP or not treated for 1 hour before VEGF was added. Cells were fixed and stain for (A) Dapi (blue), β-Catenin (red) and VE-Cadherin (green). In (B) it is qualitatively observed that FFP and LP preserve the overlap of VE-Cadherin and β-Catenin (yellow) compare to untreated and LR controls.
Fig 4.
LP and FFP reduce that amount of leukocyte binding in vitro.
Fluorescently labeled U397 cells were added to wells of HUVEC cells treated with 10(A) and 30(B) percent LR, FFP, LP or no treatment control. Unbound cells were removed after a period of one hour and the remaining cells quantified by fluorescence. All wells were normalized to control. * = (p<0.05) compared to control via post hoc turkey tests of an unpaired one-way ANOVA. N.S. clarifies that the indicated groups are Not Significantly different. Controls and FFP were featured in Wataha et al. (2013). [16].
Fig 5.
Schematic of hemorrhagic shock experiment.
Animals, excepting shams, under went hemorrhagic shock for ninety minutes before being either being resuscitated with LR, FFP or LP, or receiving no intervention.
Fig 6.
LP and FFP reduce the damage done to the lungs by a model hemorrhagic shock.
Representational images of lungs stained with H&E from Sham (A), Shock (B), Shock+ LR (C), Shock + FFP (D) and Shock + LP (E). Histopathology scores average across all animals (F). Bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) via post hoc tukey tests based on a one-way ANOVA. N.S. clarifies that the indicated groups are Not Significantly different.
Fig 7.
Measures of permeability and inflammation in the lungs after hemorrhagic shock.
(A) Resuscitation with FFP and LP reduce the number of cells positive for MPO, a marker of inflammation compared to LR and shock alone. (B) Treatment with FFP or LP reduces the amount of Evans blue permeability to a point statistically indistinguishable from sham treatment after 3 days. (C) Both plasma groups also attenuate edema compared to animals treated with LR but not compared to HS alone. Bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) via post hoc tukey tests based on a one-way ANOVA.