Fig 1.
Structure of fosmetpantotenate.
Fig 2.
Mechanism of action postulated for fosmetpantotenate.
DPCK: dephospho-CoA kinase; PPAT: 4’-phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase; PPCDC: (R)-4’-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase; PPCS: 4’-phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase.
Fig 3.
Intracellular CoA concentrations in shRNA PanK2 knockdown human neuroblastoma cells following incubations with fosmetpantotenate.
Experiment in triplicate. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc analysis; *** p ≤0.001 **** p≤0.0001. NS: not significant.
Fig 4.
Effects of 1 μM fosmetpantotenate TID for 5 consecutive days in shRNA PanK2 knockdown human neuroblastoma cells.
(A) Intracellular CoA concentrations, n = 3. (B) Western blot densitometry values. β-actin was used for normalization. Two experiments in duplicate. Two sided t-test; *p ≤0.05, **p ≤0.01, ***p ≤0.001. Gel images can be found in S2 Fig.
Table 1.
Tubulin acetylation levels (fold of PanK2 control knockdown) 24 h following incubations of fosmetpantotenate at 25, 50, or 200 μM concentrations.
Table 2.
Mean half—Life of fosmetpantotenate and diastereomers after incubation with blood from various species at 37°C for 60 mina.
Table 3.
Apparent in vitro permeability of diastereomers of fosmetpantotenate, PA, and PPA in a blood—Brain barrier permeability model using co-cultured porcine brain endothelial cells and rat astrocytesa.
Table 4.
Blood pharmacokinetics of fosmetpantotenate, PPA, and PA in male mice, rats, and monkeys following a single PO dose of fosmetpantotenatea.
Table 5.
Area under the curve for circulating metabolites as a percentage of fosmetpantotenate (parent) after a single oral administration of 100, 300, or 700 mg/kg to mice, rats, and monkeys.
Fig 5.
PPA and total PA in mouse and rat blood.
Concentration-versus-time plots of PPA and PA after a single oral administration of fosmetpantotenate at 100, 300, or 700 mg/kg in CD1 mice (N = 4 per time point) or Sprague Dawley rats (N = 3 per time point).
Fig 6.
Fosmetpantotenate, PPA, and total PA in monkey blood.
Concentrations of fosmetpantotenate, PPA, and PA after a single oral administration of fosmetpantotenate in cynomolgus monkeys at 300 mg/kg (N = 2).
Fig 7.
Four PPA-containing metabolites of fosmetpantotenate detected in monkey blood after a single oral administration of 300 mg/kg.
Table 6.
Estimated blood and dialysate pharmacokinetics of fosmetpantotenate, PPA, and PA in male mice after a single dose of fosmetpantotenate at 700 mg/kg PO or 125 μg intrastriatally and in monkeys following a single PO dose of fosmetpantotenate at 100 or 300 mg/kga.
Fig 8.
Fosmetpantotenate, PPA, and total PA in mouse brain striatal dialysate.
Single administration of fosmetpantotenate in C57Bl6 mice (700 mg/kg orally or 125 μg intrastriatally).
Fig 9.
Fosmetpantotenate, PPA, and total PA in monkey blood and brain striatal dialysate.
Single oral administration to cynomolgus monkeys (100 and 300 mg/kg).
Fig 10.
Scheme depicting the different metabolic paths to CoA formation from either pantothenic acid or fosmetpantotenate.
Table 7.
Percentage of CoA derived from endogenous phosphopantothenic acid (unlabeled), fosmetpantotenate-derived pantothenic acid with rephosphorylation by WT PanK (+4 AMU), and fosmetpantotenate-derived phosphopantothenic acid (+6 AMU) following PO and intrastriatal administration of isotopically-labeled fosmetpantotenate to WT C57Bl6 micea.
Table 8.
Percentage of CoA derived from endogenous phosphopantothenic acid (unlabeled), fosmetpantotenate-derived pantothenic acid with rephosphorylation by WT PanK (+4 AMU), and fosmetpantotenate-derived phosphopantothenic acid (+6 AMU) following ICV administration of isotopically-labeled fosmetpantotenate to WT C57Bl6 micea.