Fig 1.
A diagram of the solution of joint vehicle scheduling and routing problem.
Fig 2.
Vehicle average speed change curve on roads of Changsha City.
Fig 3.
Flowchart of adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm.
Table 1.
Some adjustment parameters of score.
Fig 4.
Distribution service network of a supermarket chain in Xiangtan, China.
Table 2.
Average travel speed of vehicle at different time slots in Changsha.
Table 3.
Different driver wages at different time slots.
Table 4.
Optimal routes to minimize the total costs (total costs = 3118.96 CNY).
Table 5.
Optimal routes to minimize the total emissions (total emissions = 354.65 kg).
Table 6.
Comparative analysis of the optimal departure time between two different schemes.
Fig 5.
Relationship of CO2 emissions and departure time.
Table 7.
The optimal routes and departure time without extra wages during nonworking periods.
Table 8.
The optimal routes and departure time with extra wages during nonworking periods.
Table 9.
Comparative analysis of system performances with extra wages during overtime periods.