Fig 1.
Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA sequences from Centralia As resistant isolates.
Isolates from this study were compared with isolates from other studies that cultivated As resistant isolates from soil. (A) Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Sphingobacteria. (B) Firmicutes. Scale bars indicate the percent difference in nucleotide sequence.
Table 1.
Relative abundance of isolate 16S rRNA gene sequences from our amplicon survey of the same soil.
Fig 2.
As resistance genotypes and phenotypes of isolated bacterial strains.
(A) Presence of AsRG from end-point PCR are indicated (+). MICs of (B) sodium arsenate and (C) arsenite. (D) Categorical range of arsenate reduced based on standard curve of known ratios of arsenate and arsenite.
Fig 3.
Comparison of AsRG sequences and 16S rRNA gene sequences from As resistant isolates.
Maximum likelihood trees for AsRGs (left panel) (A) arsB, (B) ACR3(2), and (C) arsC are shown alongside trees of corresponding 16S rRNA genes (right panel). Incongruence is highlighted with grey lines between the two trees. Scale bars indicate the percent difference in nucleotide sequence. Bootstrap values greater than 50% are indicated at the corresponding node, and boxes are colored based on isolate genus.
Fig 4.
Growth phenotypes of isolates in increasing concentrations of As.
Lag time (λ) and maximum growth rate (μ) of isolates in TSB50 with increasing concentrations of (A) arsenate and (B) arsenite normalized to growth without As.