Table 1.
RefSeq accession numbers of known Vibrionaceae siderophore biosynthetic proteins.
Table 2.
RefSeq accession numbers of known Vibrionaceae siderophore receptor proteins.
Fig 1.
Organization of Vibrionaceae siderophore biosynthesis clusters and schematic structure of the corresponding siderophores.
(A) Vibrionaceae hydroxamate and carboxylate and siderophore biosynthesis clusters. (B) Vibrionaceae catechol and mixed catechol/hydroxamate siderophore biosynthesis cluster. (C) Schematic 2D structure representation of Vibrionaceae siderophores with known biosynthesis gene clusters.
Fig 2.
Distribution of homologs of known Vibrionaceae siderophore biosynthesis clusters and receptors mapped to a phylogeny.
The phylogenetic split network is based on a dataset from Sawabe and co-workers [8], and consists of the genes ftsZ, gap, gyrB, mreB, pyrH, recA, rpoA and topA. The tree was constructed using SplitsTree4 to concatenate the individual gene alignments, and settings for network were uncorrected P and NeighborNet [56]. Branch lengths are to scale and species located outside grey arches were not included in the MLSA files and have been placed according to literature [71–86].
Fig 3.
Phylogeny of the piscibactin biosynthesis cluster and receptor within the Vibrionaceae family.
(A) The cluster organization of the biosynthesis cluster and the cognate receptor. (B) Host phylogeny on the left and piscibactin biosynthesis system (Irp123459) phylogeny on the right. (C) Host phylogeny on the left and piscibactin receptor (FrpA) phylogeny on the right. Asterisks denote species that do not encode the piscibactin biosynthesis system, i.e., the FrpA homolog is an exogenous siderophore receptor. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6 [58]. The host trees were generated using the ML method and the TM model [59]. The siderophore biosynthesis cluster and receptor trees were generated using the ML method and the JTT model [87]. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes (JTT model, 2000 replicates) [88]. Branch lengths are measured substitutions per site.
Fig 4.
Phylogeny of the vibrioferrin biosynthesis cluster and receptor within the Vibrionaceae family.
(A) The cluster organization of the biosynthesis cluster and the cognate receptor. (B) Host phylogeny on the left and vibrioferrin biosynthesis system (PvsABCDE) phylogeny on the right. (C) Host phylogeny on the left and vibrioferrin receptor (PuvA) phylogeny on the right. Asterisks denote species that do not encode the vibrioferrin biosynthesis system, i.e., the PuvA homolog is an exogenous siderophore receptor. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6 [58]. The host trees were generated using the ML method and the TM model [59]. The siderophore biosynthesis cluster and receptor trees were generated using the ML method and the JTT model [87]. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes (JTT model, 2000 replicates) [88]. Branch lengths are measured substitutions per site.
Fig 5.
Phylogeny of the aerobactin biosynthesis cluster and receptor within the Vibrionaceae family.
(A) The cluster organization of the biosynthesis cluster and the cognate receptor. (B) Host phylogeny on the left and aerobactin system (IucABCD) phylogeny on the right. (C) Host phylogeny on the left and aerobactin receptor (IutA) phylogeny on the right. Asterisks denote species that do not encode the aerobactin biosynthesis system, i.e., the IutA homolog is an exogenous siderophore receptor. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6 [58]. The host trees were generated using the ML method and the TM model [59]. The siderophore biosynthesis cluster and receptor trees were generated using the ML method and the JTT model [87]. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes (JTT model, 2000 replicates) [88]. Branch lengths are measured substitutions per site.