Table 1.
Cell viability and cytotoxicity grade for freshly mixed materials in MTT assay (n = 5).
Fig 1.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the novel root-end filling material (NRFM) and novel radio-opaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba, NRFM-Bi and NRFM-Zr).
Fig 2.
FTIR spectra of the novel root-end filling material (NRFM) and novel radio-opaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba, NRFM-Bi and NRFM-Zr).
Fig 3.
Setting time (A) and compressive strength (B) of novel root-end filling material (NRFM), novel radio-opaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba, NRFM-Bi and NRFM-Zr) and glass ionomer cement (GIC). Different letters indicate significant differences between the five materials (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test, P<0.05).
Fig 4.
Washout resistance test of novel root-end filling material (NRFM), novel radio-opaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba, NRFM-Bi and NRFM-Zr) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS).
Fig 5.
pH values of novel root-end filling material (NRFM), novel radiopaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba, NRFM-Bi and NRFM-Zr) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) at various time intervals.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the five materials (two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test, P<0.05).
Fig 6.
Radio-opacity samples of novel root-end filling material (NRFM) (A), novel radio-opaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba (B), NRFM-Bi (C), NRFM-Zr (D)), glass ionomer cement (GIC) (E), dentin (F) and aluminium step-wedge (G).
Table 2.
Means and standard deviations of contact angle of all materials (n = 5).
Fig 7.
Solubility of novel root-end filling material (NRFM), novel radiopaque root-end filling materials (NRFM-Ba, NRFM-Bi and NRFM-Zr) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) at various time intervals.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the five materials (two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test, P<0.05).
Table 3.
Cell viability and cytotoxicity grade for set materials in MTT assay (n = 5).
Fig 8.
ALP activity of NRFM-Zr, GIC and negative control at various time intervals.
Different letters indicate significant differences between them (two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test, P<0.05).
Fig 9.
Alizarin red staining of novel root-end filling material with zirconium dioxide (A), negative control group (B) and glass ionomer cement (C). Scale bar = 100 μm.