Fig 1.
Diagram shows the number of participants at each stage of the study.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for treatment groups.
Table shows demographics, substance abuse assessments and psychosocial functioning scores. Values represent mean values (SD).
Fig 2.
Study medication rates/effects in cannabis use.
Circles (white placebo, black nabiximols) represent mean (+SEM). In a) self-titrated medication (sprays/day) as reported in the smoking diary. In b) total average cannabis intake (g) per week as reported in the timeline followback (TLFB) (week 0) and smoking diary (weeks 1–12). In c) mean percentage of days using cannabis (nabiximols n = 20–13, placebo n = 20–14).
Fig 3.
High/low study medication effects in cannabis use.
Circles (white placebo, black nabiximols) represent mean (+SEM) for total cannabis intake (g) per week as reported in the timeline followback (TLFB) (week 0) and smoking diary (weeks 1–12). In a) high medication users’ subgroup (≥ 20 sprays on any treatment day) (n = 5 and 3 for nabiximols and placebo, respectively), in b) low medication users sub-group (< 20 sprays at any treatment day) (n = 8 and 11 for nabiximols and placebo, respectively).
Fig 4.
Cannabis craving and withdrawal.
Circles (white placebo, black nabiximols) represent mean (+SEM). In a) cannabis withdrawal from the Cannabis Withdrawal Checklist (CWC). In b) craving for cannabis from the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ). Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analyses followed by one-way ANOVA, * (p < .05) vs nabiximols group.
Table 2.
Cannabinoids of interest in urine were quantified using two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-GCMS).
Table represents creatinine-normalized mean urine Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) concentrations for nabiximols and placebo groups.