Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with typical development (TD).
Fig 1.
Comparison of EI variables between the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) groups.
Only Mode/LogP of Neutral/Happy EI values are shown here. Neutral-Mode, Neutral-LogP, and Happy-LogP were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the TD group, and the effect sizes were large (PFDR < 0.05, d > 1). The ASD group also showed a tendency for lower Happy-Mode (P < 0.05, PFDR > 0.05). Each dot represents each participant. The horizontal and vertical bars show mean values and 95% confidence intervals, respectively. d, Cohen’s d. *, PFDR < 0.05. Abbreviations: EI, expression intensity; LogP, natural logarithm of the probability at the mode of the probability density function.
Table 2.
Comparison of EI variables between the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) groups.
Fig 2.
Correlations between EI variables characterizing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADOS reciprocal social interaction scores.
Of the three EI variables found to characterize ASD (Fig 1 and Table 2), Neutral-Mode significantly correlated with ADOS reciprocal social interaction scores, whereas Neutral-LogP and Happy-LogP did not. Each circle indicates each participant with ASD. rho, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. *, P < 0.05. Abbreviations: EI, expression intensity; ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; LogP, natural logarithm of the probability at the mode of the probability density function.
Fig 3.
Correlations of EI variables characterizing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with clinical indices.
Correlations of the EI variables found to characterize ASD (Neutral-Mode, Neutral-LogP, and Happy-LogP) with (A) clinical indices (not including ADOS reciprocal social interaction/stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests scores), and (B) demographic indices. Each correlation was evaluated separately for each group. Only the correlations with P < 0.05 are shown. (A) Neutral-Mode was significantly correlated with the GAF in the ASD group and with the CESD in the TD group even after FDR correction. (B) No correlation with demographic indices remained significant after FDR correction. Uncolored circles indicate individuals with ASD; colored circles are for those with TD. rho, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. *, FDR-corrected P < 0.05. Abbreviations: EI, expression intensity; TD, typically developing; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SES, Socioeconomic status; LogP, natural logarithm of the probability at the mode of the probability density function; ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.