Fig 1.
“Evolution Canyon” I (ECI) at Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel.
(A) Cross section of “Evolution Canyon” showing the savannoid "African" slope (AS) = south-facing slope (SFS), and the opposite shady, forested "European" slope (ES) = north-facing slope (NFS). (B) Air view of ECI with the forested NFS = ES and the savanoid SFS = AS, with the 7 experimental stations where the T. dicoccoides was sampled, indicated by the numbers 1–7 (from ref. 7, private picture of Prof. E. Nevo).
Fig 2.
Schematic representation of the Bx biosynthetic pathway showing enzymatic reactions catalysed by the gene products of TaBx1-TaBx5 (in the plastids and microsomes) in hexaploid wheat [17].
Table 1.
Variation in the amounts of Bx (DIBOA and DIMBOA) in T. dicoccoides seedlings (nmol/mg FW) grown in Sapir greenhouse from seeds collected on the opposing slopes, AS and ES, of “Evolution Canyon”.
The measurements were separately done in shoots and roots of each seedling. Each average, standard error and median appearing in the table were calculated from 7 replications of the measuring at the same time. The replications appear in a separate column in the table. When the first 4 replications had 0 Bx, we terminated this analysis and assumed that the 3 unmeasured replications are also zero. Mean +/- Standard error values of the 7 replications measured each time, and Median values of the replications. Abbreviations: AS = African slope, ES = European slope, Bx = Benzoxazinoid. Glc = Glucosidase, Fw = Fresh Weight, nmol. = Nano mole, Rep. (or R.) = Replicates. Note: Each replication in the table is the result of measuring a mixture of 3 seedlings from the same genotype in order to receive more reliable amounts.
Fig 3.
Diagram showing changes of the amounts (nmol/mg FW) of Benzoxazinoids (Bx) in seedlings of emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides.
Seeds were collected in the field at Evolution Canyon I, Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel. Seeds were germinated in a greenhouse (i.e., in a common garden experiment). Changes in DIBOA and DIMBOA concentrations were measured mostly in each 12-hour starting from 24 hours till 144 hours after seeding, showing the concentration of DIBOA and DIMBOA (A) in roots (B) in shoots. Each value is an average of 7 mixtures, each of 3 seedlings, from the same genotype. Abbreviations: AS = African slope, and ES = European slope at Evolution Canyon (ECI). Glc-glucoside, FW- fresh weight.