Fig 1.
Latent profile analysis showing the most optimal, two group, solution of mothers with consistently low and high scores on the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) throughout pregnancy (Panel A), and the child’s behavioural symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the Conners’ Hyperactivity Index (CHI) estimated marginal mean scores (Panel B), and proportion of children with scores above the clinical cutoff (10) in the CHI (Panel C).
Error bars refer to the 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI), and numbers to mean difference (MD) (Panel B) and odds ratio (OR) (Panel C) and their 95% CIs in model 1, and p-values to models 1–5. For different adjustment models, please see footnote in Table 1.
Table 1.
Association between maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and child behavioural symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the Conners’ Hyperactivity Index at age 3.5 years.
Fig 2.
Estimated marginal means (Panel A) of the child’s behavioural symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the Conners’ Hyperactivity Index (CHI) and proportion of children with scores above the clinical cutoff (≥10) in the CHI (Panel B) according to the maternal Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) trimester-weighted mean score (≥16) during pregnancy and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) sum score (≥14) after pregnancy above and below the clinical cutoffs.
Error bars refer to 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI), and numbers to mean differences (MD) (Panel A) and odds ratios (OR) (Panel B) and their 95% CIs in model 1, and p-values to models 1–4. Women who scored below the clinical cutoff in both the CES-D during pregnancy and in the BDI-II after pregnancy were used as the comparison group. For different adjustment models, please see footnote in Table 1.
Fig 3.
Mediation model of the effects of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy on child’s behavioural symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the Conners’ Hyperactivity Index via maternal depressive symptoms after pregnancy.
Numbers refer to unstandardized regression coefficients (B) and their 95% Confidence Intervals from models adjusted for child’s age and sex, and to the proportion (R2) maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy explain of the child’s ADHD symptoms.