Fig 1.
(A) Sampling sites and approximate geographic distributions of the three mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroups of Omani goats. The sampling collection sites are indicated on the map with darker dots. The figures are marked on the map according to the names of the collection sites: 1, Dibba; 2, Al Khaburah; 3, Al Jabal Akhdar; 4, Jalan Bani Bu Ali; and 5, Marbat. The pie charts show the relative proportions of the A, B and G haplotypes observed in samples from across the Oman region. The circle sizes are proportional to the number of goats, and each specific haplogroup is represented by a different color. (B) Pairwise FST values measured between Omani goats and neighboring goat populations. The abbreviations correspond to the analyzed populations and are provided in S2 Table. The arrows indicate the proposed route for the introduction of goats into Oman from putative domestication areas. Solid black lines represent continental routes, and dashed blue lines represent maritime routes. The statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P-value<0.05; ** P-value<0.01; *** P-value<0.001. (C) Scatterplot showing the relationship between pairwise FST values and geographic distances (r = 0.612; P = 0.003) for the ten domestic goat populations.
Table 1.
Genetic diversity indices and distribution of mtDNA haplogroups for Omani goat populations.
Fig 2.
(A) A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of 69 Omani goat sequences and 22 goat reference sequences. The values on the branches represent the bootstrap support based on 2,000 replicas; values lower than 50% are not shown. The GenBank accession numbers for the haplotype references are shown in parentheses. The bar scale indicates the mtDNA genetic distance. (B) Median-joining network representing the genetic relationships among mitochondrial haplotypes in the goat populations from Oman. The circles representing the haplotypes are colored according to the sample population and scaled according to the number of supporting sequences. The dashed lines indicate the numbers of mutational steps between two haplotypes. (C) NJ tree for five Omani goat populations and 18 wild goat sequences. The numbers at the branches represent the bootstrap values based on 2,000 replicas. Bootstrap values equal to or greater than 50% were considered, and the scale bar for the branch lengths is shown. The breed names are abbreviated as defined in Fig 2A, and the full names of the wild goat species are given in S1 Table. The sample population names are abbreviated as follows: Batinah (BTN), Dhofar (DHR), Jabal Akhdar (JKH), Ash Sharqiyah (SHR) and Musandam (MSN).
Table 2.
Neutrality tests and demographic expansion parameters for Omani goats and their haplogroups.
Fig 3.
Mismatch distribution graphs for Omani goats and their mtDNA haplogroups.