Table 1.
Distribution of uric acid in male rat’s tissues (mean ± SD, n = 10).
Table 2.
Uric acid in different groups (n = 10).
Fig 1.
Uric acid distributed in stomach juice and intestinal juice of different segments (mean ± SE, n = 10).
Rat intestinal tract except cecum was equally divided to 20 segments, and uric acid in the intestinal juice was assayed. Segment 0 was stomach, segment 1 was duodenum, segment 2 to 7 belonged to jejunum, segment 8 to 18 belonged to ileum, and segment 19 to 20 was colon. In all the groups, the uric acid distribution curve arrived to the maximum at segment 1, and almost declined all the way to the end. Compared with the distribution curve of normal group, those of antibiotic treated, urate-ip, adenine-ip, and inosine-ip groups increased to somewhat extent (A), whereas the curves of adenine-po and inosine-po groups decreased (B). UA, uric acid, * P<0.05 vs normal group, two way ANOVA.
Fig 2.
The relationship of uric acid between in serum and intestinal juice.
In normal group, there was a good positive correlation between SUA and total uric acid in intestinal juice (A, r = 0.680, P = 0.003, n = 16), and there was also a good positive correlation in antibiotic treated, urate-ip, adenine-ip and inosine-ip groups (B, r = 0.227, P < 0.032, n = 40). However, in adenine-po and inosine-po groups, the correlation became negative though not significantly (C, r = -0.400, P = 0.112, n = 20). Pearson correlation, two-tailed. SUA, serum uric acid; UA, uric acid.
Fig 3.
Bacterial abundance in small intestinal tract.
Products of 340 bp were amplified with primers Bakt_341F and Bakt_805R (A). From Segment 1 (duodenum) to the end of the small intestinal tract (Segment 18), bands of 16S rRNA became brighter and brighter. However, bands of segment 1 to 7 that was or belonged to duodenum and jejunum was very dark, which suggested there were fewer bacteria inside the intestinal tract. The bands from left to right was segment 1 to 18, positive control, marker, and negative control. The brightness of the bands were obtained and the relative brightness (B, mean ± SD, n = 3) was calculated by the formula, relative brightness = (sample—background)/control.
Table 3.
Genes associated with uric acid transport or metabolism expressed in intestinal tissues (mean, n = 3).
Table 4.
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and urate oxidase (UOX) expressed at mRNA level in rat tissues detected by mRNA sequencing (mean ± SD, n = 3).
Table 5.
Gene products associated with alkaline substance movement expressed between intestinal tissues with significance (mean, n = 3).
Fig 4.
pH of stomach juice and intestinal juice in different segments (mean ± SD, n = 10).
Rat intestinal tract except cecum was equally divided to 20 segments, and pH of stomach and intestinal juice was assayed. Segment 0 was stomach, segment 1 to 7 belonged to jejunum (segment 1 was duodenum), segment 8 to 18 belonged to ileum, and segment 19 to 20 was colon. At first, pH in stomach juice was at a low level, and quickly arrived to a relative high level in the juice of segment 1. Then, pH kept at the high level till the end of ileum juice. Finally, pH slightly decreased in the colon juice.
Fig 5.
XDH and UOX expressed at protein level in the upper and the lower intestinal tissues.
XDH in the upper tissue was obviously up-regulated at protein level, but UOX in the lower was slightly up-regulated (A). The brightness of the bands were obtained and the relative brightness (B, mean ± SD, n = 3) was calculated by the formula, relative brightness = (sample—background)/β-actin. * P<0.05, student t test. Upper, duodenum; Lower, Segment 18, the end of ileum; XDH, xanthine dehydrogenase; UOX, urate oxidase.
Fig 6.
Oral UOX decreased SUA (A), BUN (B) and Cr (C) (mean ± SD, n = 10).
Rats in model group were gavaged with Mixture A of 10 ml/kg in the morning and with Mixture B of 5 ml/kg in the afternoon. Rats in UOX group were gavaged with Mixture A of 10 ml/kg in the morning and with Mixture B of 5 ml/kg of the same volume but added UOX of 4 u/ml in the afternoon. Rats in normal group were gavaged with normal saline of the same volume both in the morning and the afternoon. Administration was taken for 5 days. Mixture A containing adenine (15 mg/ml), potassium oxonate (15 mg/ml), omeprazole (0.4 mg/ml) and CMC-Na (0.5%); Mixture B containing NaHCO3 (12 mg/ml) and horse serum (50%); * P < 0.05, UOX group vs model group; SUA, serum uric acid; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, blood creatinine.