Fig 1.
Geographic distribution and sampling sites of the populations of Simulium hirtipupa included in this study.
A) Map of Brazil with sampling sites and the respective biomes. B) Map of Brazil showing the sampling sites in their respective river basins (Resolution n° 32, from Conselho Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, of October 15, 2003). For details on localities and population codes see Table 1. The Brazilian states are: BA, Bahia; ES, Espírito Santo; GO, Goiás; MS, Mato Grosso do Sul; MG, Minas Gerais; PE, Pernambuco; SP, São Paulo; TO, Tocantins.
Table 1.
Collection data and information on Simulium hirtipupa populations sequenced in this study.
N—number of sequences.
Table 2.
Summary of genetic diversity measures and neutrality tests for the complete set of sequences and for the seven populations of Simulium hirtipupa.
Hp, haplotype Number; NS, polymorphic sites number; π±SD and H±SD, nucleotide and haplotype diversities, with respective standard deviations.
Table 3.
Population clusters of Simulium hirtipupa found by BAPS.
Population codes are according to Table 1.
Fig 2.
Estimate of genetic distance of Simulium hirtipupa.
Intragroup (diagonal and bold) and intergroup (below the diagonal) genetic distances (%) based on sequencing of a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. Analyses were conducted using the K2P model.
Fig 3.
Bayesian inference tree and posterior probabilities based on sequencing of a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene.
Numbers below each node indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Simulium guianense and Simulium rubrithorax were used as outgroups.
Fig 4.
Unrooted haplotype network of Simulium hirtipupa based on 651 bp of a fragment of the mitochondrial COI.
Each circle in the haplotype network corresponds to one haplotype, and its size is proportional to its frequency among the samples. Colors of the circles correspond to sampling locations. Empty circles are median vector that represent intermediate haplotypes that were not sampled or extinct. On the map the circles are labeled according to the geographic origin of the haplotypes.
Table 4.
Partitioning of DNA variance as revealed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on COI sequences for Simulium hirtipupa sampled in Brazil found by BAPS.
Fig 5.
Graph of the mismatch distribution of all populations of Simulium hirtipupa.
The simulated distribution does not fit the model of population expansion. The lines represent the observed (black line) and expected (grey line) frequency of pairwise differences under the sudden population expansion model.
Fig 6.
Divergence time estimate for Simulium hirtipupa based on a relaxed molecular clock (uncorrelated lognormal).
Numbers in each node indicate estimated ages in millions of years ago (Mya). Simulium guianense and Simulium rubrithorax were used as outgroups. In the right are 95% HPD interval of date estimates.
Fig 7.
Bayesian Spatiotemporal model of Simulium hirtipupa at four time slices.
Reconstructions are based on the maximum clade credibility tree estimated with a time-heterogeneous relaxed random walk approach (RRW). Shading represents 80% HPD uncertainty in the location of ancestral branches with lighter and darker shades representing older and younger diffusion events, respectively. The map was visualized from the.kml file provided by SPREAD software generated using Google Earth (http://earth.google.com.