Fig 1.
Methodology scheme of the comparative risk assessment.
Fig 2.
Data sources for ambient air pollution exposure.
(a) Area of the study and location of surface monitoring stations network and (b) geographic pattern of population distribution of exposure (Pe).
Table 1.
Summary of relative risks selected to estimate the PAF of ambient air pollution in Thailand.
Fig 3.
Annual average and predicted concentrations (1997–2009) by monitoring stations.
(a) PM10 and (b) NO2.
Table 2.
Summary of statistical significance of the air quality data and spatial interpolation models.
Fig 4.
Spatial interpolation of change in concentrations (ΔX) of Thailand 2009.
(a) PM10 (μgm-3), (b) NO2 (ppb) and (c) PM2.5 (μgm-3).
Table 3.
Relative risk and population-attributable fractions (PAFs) based on level of ambient air pollutants in Thailand, 2009.
Fig 5.
Spatial variations of population attributable fractions (PAF) in Thailand 2009.
(a) All-cause mortality due to PM10, (b) all-cause mortality due to long- term effect of PM2.5, (c) cardiovascular mortality due to long- term effect of PM2.5 and, (d) respiratory mortality due to NO2.
Table 4.
Avoidable mortality and the percentage of deaths estimated to be caused by level of air pollutant in Thailand (2009).