Fig 1.
Schematic of lithium ion battery electrochemical model.
Table 1.
Table 2.
Equations for the electrochemical model.
Table 3.
The variables in the electrochemical model.
Table 4.
The physical parameters in the electrochemical model.
Fig 2.
The experiment scene of the battery discharging.
Fig 3.
Comparison of simulated results of working voltage with experimental data during different discharge rate (1/3 C, 1C, and 4 C) under 25°C.
Fig 4.
Comparison of simulated results of working voltage with experimental data during different ambient temperature (0°C, 25°C, and 35°C) under 1C discharge rate.
Fig 5.
Li ion concentration at center (c_c) and surface (c_s) of active material particles across electrode with different discharging time (0s, 900s and 1800s) at 1C discharging rate.
Table 5.
The maximum, minimum and average Li-ion concentration at the surface of electrode with different shelve time.
Fig 6.
Distribution of electrolyte salt concentration for the 1C discharging.
Fig 7.
Comparison of simulated results of working voltage during different particle radius.
(a) positive electrode, (b) negative electrode.
Fig 8.
Li-ion concentration at center (c0) and surface (cr) of active material particles across electrode with different active material particle sizes.
Fig 9.
Li-ion concentration at surface of negative active particles across electrode of batteries with different electrode thickness.
(a) negative electrode, (b) positive electrode.
Table 6.
The Li-ion concentration at surface of negative active particles across electrode of batteries with different electrode thickness relaxed 0, 100, 200s after discharging 1C for 1800s.