Fig 1.
Map of major shipping routes around the Hawai’ian Archipelago.
Detail of Kane’ohe Bay in Oahu Island, and the sampling reefs: 20, 22, 25, 44 and HIMB (Hawai’i Institute of Marine Biology). Images were downloaded for illustrative purposes only from public domains (http://claver.gprep.org/sjochs/historical-blank_maps_for_quizzes-.htm, and USGS National Map Viewer at http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/).
Table 1.
Thermocycling profiles for the three target genes and primer sets of the study.
Table 2.
Sponge species collected in Kane’ohe Bay (O’ahu Island, Hawai’i).
Fig 2.
Sponge specimens not identified at the species levels.
A Leucosolenida; B Leucetta sp.; C Callyspongia (Cladochalina) sp.; D Gelliodes sp.; E Dysidea sp. 1, SPO12; F Dysidea sp. 1, SPO18; G Dysidea sp. 2.
Fig 3.
A alive specimen; B intercrossing bundles of the ectosomal skeleton; C choanosomal skeleton; D Style.
Fig 4.
A, B alive specimens; C tangential, intercrossing spicules of the ectosomal skeleton; D choanosomal skeleton; E, F styles.
Table 3.
Spicule measurements of Hymeniacidon gracilis.
Fig 5.
A fresh collected specimen; B SEM photograph of a digitate projection showing the cavernous structure; C microhispid surface; D tylostyle; E, F magnification of the tylostyle heads.
Table 4.
Comparison of the tylostyles and of other morphological characteristics among S. diversicolor, S. aurantiacus and its synonimies.
Fig 6.
A tylostyle; B magnification of the tylostyle head.
Fig 7.
A-C alive specimens; D transversal section of the sponge skeleton, shoving tylostyle hispidation; E tylostyle; F different kind of spirasters.
Table 5.
Spicule measurements of Spheciospongia solida.
Fig 8.
A alive specimen. B strongyle.
Fig 9.
Lissodendoryx (Waldoschmittia) hawaiiana.
A alive specimen; B ectosomal, dermal membrane; C choanosomal skeleton; D tylote; E tylote head magnification; F oxea; G sigma I with small denticle; H sigma II; I arcuate chela.
Fig 10.
A specimen in vivo; B tracts of subtylostyles; C microscleres concentrated on the external membrane; D subtylostyle; E magnification of a subtylostyle tip ending with groups of small spines; F microspined microxea; G anchorate chela; H unguiferate chelae.
Table 6.
Spicule measurements of M. clathrata.
Fig 11.
A, B alive specimens. C choanosomal skeleton; D stout style; E anisostrongyle; F birotulas.
Table 7.
Comparison of spicule measurements (μm) in specimens of I. baculifera and I. protea.
Fig 12.
A alive specimen; B ectosomal skeleton; C choanosomal skeleton; D fibres echinated by the larger anisochelae; E mycalostyle; F anisochela I; G anisochela II; H anisochela III; I sigma I; J sigma II; K raphides in trichodragma.
Table 8.
Spicule measurements of Mycale (M.) grandis.
Fig 13.
A alive specimen; B ectosomal skeleton; C choanosomal skeleton; D mycalostyle; E palmate anisochela I; F palmate anisochela II and toxa; G isochela; H sigma I and sigma II; I microxea.
Fig 14.
A alive specimen; B alive specimen with flattened projections; C choanosomal skeleton; D irregular isotropic reticulation of the choanosomal skeleton; E style; F tornote; G magnification of the microspined tip; H onychaete I; I onychaete II.
Table 9.
Spicule measurements of Tedania (T.) ignis.
Fig 15.
A alive specimen; B choanosomal skeleton; C style; D microxea I; E microxea II; F raphide; G sigma; H comma.
Table 10.
Spicule measurements of Biemna fistulosa (μm).
Fig 16.
A fresh collected specimen; B choanosomal skeleton; C oxea; D straight style; E club-shaped acanthostyle; F magnification of the acanthostyle head; G magnification of the acanthostyle tip.
Fig 17.
Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa.
A specimen SPO16 in situ; B specimen SPO 8 in situ; C ectosomal skeleton; D choanosomal skeleton; E, F oxeas.
Table 11.
Spicule measurements of Callyspongia (C.) diffusa.
Fig 18.
Callyspongia (Toxochalina) cf. pseudotoxa.
A alive specimen; B ectosomal skeleton; C, D choanosomal skeleton; E stout oxea; F, G oxhorn toxas I with variable angle of curvature; H oxhorn toxa II.
Fig 19.
Cladocroce burapha Putchakarn, de Weerdt, Sonchaeng & Van Soest.
A specimen SPO 29 in situ; B specimen SPO 32 in situ; C ectosomal skeleton; D oxea.
Table 12.
Spicule measurements of C. burapha.
Fig 20.
Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea.
A specimen SPO31 in situ; B specimen SPO23 in situ; C ectosomal skeleton; D oxea; E sigma; F centrangulated sigma.
Table 13.
Spicule measurements of Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea.
Fig 21.
Haliclona (Reniera) cf. aquaeductus sensu de Laubenfels.
A alive specimen; B ectosomal skeleton; C, D oxeas.
Fig 22.
A alive specimen; B choanosomal skeleton; C oxea; D sigma.
Table 14.
Spicule measurements of Gelliodes wilsoni.
Fig 23.
A alive specimen; B foreign sand grains and spicules on sponge surface organized in parallel tracts; C fibres not distinct in primary and secondary.
Fig 24.
A alive specimen; B-D sphaerasters; E oxysphaeraster.
Fig 25.
A live specimen; B magnification with in evidence the smooth surface.