Fig 1.
Outline of the animal experiments.
(A) Experiment 1. The mice were divided into three groups (control, C59, and GG groups; n = 6 per group) and administered 0.2 ml of PBS (control) or LAB suspensions (C59 and GG groups) for 2 weeks. (B) Experiment 2. The mice were divided into seven groups (control, GG-10^7, GG-10^8, GG-10^9, C59-10^7, C59-10^8, and C59-10^9 groups; n = 6 per group per experiment) and was performed in duplicate (round-1 and round-2). Round 2 (n = 3 per group) started a week after the start of the round 1 (n = 3 per group).
Table 1.
Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR < 0.05)) in upper small instestine and terminal ileum of mice administered C59 and GG.
Table 2.
PANTHER Overrepresentation Test of gene expression in upper small intestine and terminal ileum of mice administered C59 and GG.
Table 3.
Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR < 0.05) in the terminal ileum of mice administered different doses of C59 and GG.
Fig 2.
Principal component analysis of gene expression of the terminal ileum after the administration of various doses of C59 and GG.
A. PCA plot using PC1 and PC3 gene expression data quantified by RMA. Each dot indicates control (Δ), C59-10^7 (○), C59-10^8 (⊗), C59-10^9 (●), GG-10^7 (□), GG-10^8 (⊠), and GG-10^9 (■) (n = 5 in each group). B, Plot of component loadings of PC1 and PC3 for all genes. Gene with high PC values were numbered: 1, Hist1h2ao/Hist1h2ap; 2, C430003N24Rik; 3, Ms4a1; 4, Glycam; 5, Faim3; 6, Ighv14-2; 7, Cr2,; 8, Serpina1a; 9, P2ry10; 10. Mndal/Ifi205/Ifi204/Ifi211; 11, Ighg/Ighg2b; 12, Hmgb1l/Hmgb1; 13, Arfgef3; 14, Igkv6-20; 15, 2810043O03Rik; 16, B830007D08Rik; 17, Slc6a14; 18, Retnlb; 19. Saa1; and 20, Car1.
Table 4.
PANTHER Overrepresentation Test of gene expression in terminal ileum of mice administered GG and C59.
Fig 3.
Fecal concentration of secretory IgA before and after LAB administration.
The fecal concentration of secretory IgA before and after administration of C59 or GG during experiment 2 was determined using ELISA. The white and gray bars represent the concentration of secretory IgA (μg/ml) before and after LAB administration, respectively. The data are shown as the least-squares means ± SE (n = 5 in each group).
Fig 4.
The effect of GG administration on the number of CXCR5-positive ILFs in the murine small intestine.
After 2 weeks of GG administration (1 × 109 CFU/day) or PBS (n = 5 in each group), the small intestines were divided into four equal segments, from proximal to distal (A–D), labeled with anti-CXCR5 antibody and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody, and visualized with DAB. The CXCR5-positive ILFs in each intestinal fragment were counted under a stereomicroscope.