Fig 1.
Adapted version of Baddeley’s [25] theoretical model of phonological working memory (i.e., the ‘phonological loop’).
(a) Non-dominant stress patterns stored with segmental information in phonological short-term store; (b) Direct access of auditory input to phonological information in short-term store; (c) Direct access of orthographic input to phonological information in output buffer.
Table 1.
Participant characteristics for adults who do and do not stutter (AWS, AWNS).
Table 2.
Target stimuli with associated foils across 12 experimental blocks.
Fig 2.
Schematic of the three-phase training task within one experimental block (e.g., /'fӕz.mul/).
Bisyllabic nonword target depicted in bold font. Immediate Repetition (a) and Short-Term Recall (c) phases correspond with the immediate repetition and short-term recall tasks described in the present study. Auditory and orthographic cues for nonword target were present during completion of the Immediate Repetition (a) phase. Orthographic cues, but not auditory cues, were removed for nonword target during completion of the Silent Identification (b) phase. Both auditory and orthographic cues for nonword target were removed during completion of the Short-Term Recall (c) phase.
Table 3.
Parameter estimates for the nine models examining the relationship between Talker Group, Task, and Stress upon phonemic accuracy of nonword production.
Fig 3.
Trochaic and iambic nonwords produced without phonemic error by adults who stutter (AWS) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS) during immediate repetition and short-term recall tasks.
Table 4.
Regression coefficients (b), standard error of the coefficient (SEb), confidence intervals (CI), and effect sizes (d) of multilevel models estimates of phonemic accuracy of adults who do and do not stutter (Talker Group) when producing trochaic and iambic nonwords (Stress) during immediate repetition and short-term recall (Task).