Fig 1.
Distribution of Bothrops asper (red contour) in Middle and South America adapted from [33].
Question marks in northwestern Venezuela and Peru indicate that part of the distribution which needs confirmation. Symbols represent localities of specimens included in analyses, showing their phylogeographical affinities: MY (Mexico-Yucatan), NCA (Caribbean Nuclear Central America), CICA (Caribbean Isthmian Central America), PICA (Pacific Isthmian Central America), WE (West Ecuador), TR (Tumbes region), CHOCO 1 (Darien-Colombian Chocó), CHOCO 2 (Ecuadorian Chocó), CCO (Caribbean Colombia), MV (Magdalena Valley). See text for elaboration.
Fig 2.
Bayesian phylogeny of relationships among members of B. asper from different physiographic regions (names as in Fig 1).
Two distinct B. asper lineages are depicted in red (clade A) and green (clade B) branches. Red bars indicate phylogroups supported by the bPTP analysis. Support for each node is shown as posterior probability (PP, Bayesian inference) or Bootstrap value (BS, Maximum likelihood).
Fig 3.
Maximum clade credibility phylogeny for Bothrops asper, retrieved from mtDNA sequences.
Branches are colored according to the most probable “location state” of their descendant nodes. Values in branches indicate the location set probability of the ancestral state, in this case, the probability that the origin of the branch occurred in the region that is now Colombia. Bayesian support for clades as in Fig 2.
Fig 4.
Bayesian estimates of divergence time (Mya) for the lancehead phylogeny.
Left: Overall tree showing the calibration points (black dots) for time divergence estimations. Right: B. asper phylogeny showing the mean and 95% confidence intervals (in parenthesis) for divergence time estimates at each node. Clades A and B are depicted as in Fig 2. Grey bar indicates the extension of the Pliocene. Well supported nodes (PP > 0.95) for divergence estimations are shown in light blue, whereas weakly supported nodes are shown in white. B. asper phylogroup names as in Fig 1.
Table 1.
Net divergences (uncorrected p-distances) for MT-CYB (below diagonal) and MT-ND4 (above diagonal) within B. asper groups, and among them and related clades.
For group names see text.
Table 2.
Mistmatch distribution statistics (MT-CYB and MT-ND4) for B. asper phylogroups.
Group names as in Fig 1. No data available for TR and CHOCO 2 due to small sample sizes.