Table 1.
Comparison of demographic features between the deteriorated and stable groups.
Fig 1.
Prediction of worsening of UPDRS scores using gut microbiota at year 0.
(A) Geometric plot of the counts of Bifidobacterium at year 0 in the deteriorated and stable groups. P-value was corrected by the Benjamini and Hochberg method to calculate the false discovery rate (FDR) (q-value). (B) A stepwise linear regression analysis for predicting a change of UPDRS scores in 2 years using the counts of 10 bacterial groups/genera/species at year 0 yielded the plotted prediction model, which is comprised of the counts of Bifidobacterium (standardized β = -0.45, p < 0.05) and Atopobium cluster (standardized β = 0.50, p < 0.01). (C, D) Correlation between a change of UPDRS I scores in 2 years and the count of Bifidobacterium at year 0 (C) and the count of B. fragilis group at year 0 (D). (E) Correlation between a change of thought disorder scores (Item 2 in UPDRS I) in 2 years and the count of Bifidobacterium at year 0. (F) Correlation between a change of motivation/initiative scores (Item 4 in UPDRS I) in 2 years and the count of B. fragilis group at year 0. (G, H) Correlation between a change of LBP concentrations in 2 years and the count of L. brevis at year 0 (G) and the count of L. plantarum at year 0 (H). (B, C, D, E, and F) Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) are indicated with respective p-values.
Table 2.
Difference of bacterial counts between years 0 and 2.