Fig 1.
Plants of Agave inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata.
a) Wild individual of A. inaequidens growing in a pine-oak forest; b) A. inaequidens cultivated in an orchard with fruit trees; c) Cultivated individual of A. hookeri growing like a hedge; d) A. hookeri with a hollow in the stem, made for extracting the sap or “aguamiel”, which, when fermented is called “pulque”; e) Asexual reproduction in A. hookeri after being used; f). Wild individual of A. cupreata growing in a pine-oak forest; g) Cultivated population of A. cupreata (Photos by Ignacio Torres and Carmen Figueredo).
Fig 2.
Populations studied of Agave inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata in the Michoacán state, México.
a) Municipalities of the state of Michoacán where the populations studied are located. b) The 24 populations of the three species of Agave studied, indicating the different management types. c) Inset with zoom of the location of the populations in the rectangle in b. Wild (green triangles), cultivated (red triangles) and in situ managed (black diamonds) populations of A. inaequidens. Cultivated populations (gray squares) of A. hookeri. Wild (green circles) and cultivated (red circles) populations of A. cupreata.
Table 1.
Vegetative characters measured for wild, managed and cultivated populations of Agave inaequidens, cultivated populations of A. hookeri and wild and cultivated populations of A. cupreata.
Table 2.
Reproductive characters measured for wild populations of Agave inaequidens, cultivated populations of A. hookeri and cultivated populations of A. cupreata.
Fig 3.
Cluster analysis of A. inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata based on morphological vegetative variables.
Wild (green triangles), cultivated (red triangles), and in situ managed (black diamonds) populations of A. inaequidens. Cultivated populations (gray squares) of A. hookeri. Wild (green circles) and cultivated (red circles) populations of A. cupreata.
Fig 4.
Discriminant analysis for all populations of Agave inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata.
Populations of Agave inaequidens: wild (green triangles), cultivated (red triangles), in situ managed (black diamonds). Cultivated populations of A. hookeri (gray squares). Population of A. cupreata: wild (green circles), cultivated (red circles).
Table 3.
Morphological and genetic diversity estimated for the populations of Agave inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata studied.
Table 4.
Phenotypic Differentiation Index (PDI) among pairs of populations of Agave inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata.
Fig 5.
Bayesian morphological clustering in STRUCTURE with K = 3.
Each individual plant is represented by one vertical line with K segments colored proportionally to their belonging to a morphological cluster.
Fig 6.
Cluster analysis by UPGMA of population of A. inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata.
Wild (green triangles), cultivated (red triangles), and in situ managed (black diamonds) populations of A. inaequidens. Cultivated populations (gray squares) of A. hookeri. Wild (green circle) and cultivated (red circle) populations of A. cupreata.
Table 5.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA).
Fig 7.
Bayesian genetic clustering in STRUCTURE with K = 4.
Each individual plant is represented by one vertical line with K segments colored proportionally to their belonging to a genetic cluster.
Table 6.
Effective population size (Ne) and the number of migrants (Nm) for the 24 populations studied of Agave inaequidens, A. hookeri and A. cupreata.