Fig 1.
Hearts and Flowers and Flanker Fish tasks.
(A) An example of a congruent, heart trial is on the top left, in which the child had to respond with the arrow button that was on the same side of the image, and an example of an incongruent, flower trial is on the bottom left, in which the child had to respond with the arrow button on the opposite side of the image. (B) An example of a trial in the standard condition of the Flanker Fish task is on the top right, in which the child had to respond with the arrow button corresponding to the direction of the middle fish, and an example of a trial in the reverse condition is on the bottom right, in which the child had to press the arrow button corresponding to the direction of the outside fish.
Fig 2.
Color-Word Stroop task fMRI paradigm.
Example of a single scanning session of the fMRI Color-Word Stroop task. Each run contained six blocks (three congruent, three incongruent). Each block contained 12 trials (1700ms per trial with a 300ms interval between). Each block was followed by a 16 second rest period for a total scan time of 240s per run.
Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
Table 2.
Mean accuracy and response time during both the behavioral and fMRI Color-Word matching Stroop task.
Table 3.
Mean accuracy and response time during the three conditions of the Hearts and Flowers task.
Table 4.
Mean accuracy and response time during the three conditions of the Flanker Fish task.
Fig 3.
Response times inside the scanner during fMRI Color-Word Stroop task for each condition by group.
Response time is measured in seconds. Error bars represent standard error.
Fig 4.
Whole brain activation for incongruent > congruent trials of the fMRI Color-Word Stroop task for all three groups.
Red to yellow corresponds to positive z-values. Images are cluster thresholded at Z > 2.3 and cluster size threshold of p < 0.05.
Fig 5.
Whole brain activation for incongruent > congruent trials of the fMRI Color-Word Stroop task in a two-sample comparison of music group greater than control group.
Red to yellow corresponds to positive z-values. Images are cluster thresholded at Z > 2.3 and cluster size threshold of p < 0.05.
Table 5.
Significant clusters for incongruent > congruent trials of the fMRI Color-Word Stroop task.
Fig 6.
Percent signal change in the pre-SMA/SMA, left IFG and right ACC for the incongruent > congruent contrast during the Color-Word Stroop task by group.
Region was defined by the peak voxel within significant clusters. Error bars represent standard error.
Table 6.
Pearson correlations of percent signal change between conditions of the fMRI Color-Word Stroop task in three regions of interest (pre-SMA/SMA, right ACC, and left IFG) during the and performance on the Behavioral Color-Word Stroop task outside of the scanner.
Fig 7.
Linear regression plots between accuracy on incongruent trials of the behavioral Color-Word Stroop task and percent signal change in the (A) left IFG, (B) pre-SMA/SMA, and (C) right ACC for the incongruent > congruent contrast during the fMRI Color-Word Stroop task.
No correlations were significant after correction for multiple comparisons.