Fig 1.
Examples of pollen grains in Myrtales.
Scanning electron micrographs of pollen grains from selected species of Myrtales. Representing the CAP clade is Saltera sarcocolla; Bucida macrostachya in equatorial view and Conocarpus erecta in polar view (Combretaceae); Heimia salicifolia (Lythraceae); Miconia alypifolia in equatorial view and Miconia caesia in polar view for (Melastomaceae); Tristania conferta (Myrtaceae); Calylophus toumeyi (Onagraceae). Scale bars are 5 um except for Onagraceae which is 50 um. Adapted from [50] with permission from the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Fig 2.
Summary of major relationships within Myrtales.
Major relationships within Myrtales showing three possible placements of Combretaceae (summarized in [39]). A: Phylogeny with the family Combretaceae sister to the rest of the order. B: Phylogeny with the family Combretaceae sister to Lythraceae + Onagraceae. C: Phylogeny with the family Combretaceae as sister to rest of the order excluding Lythraceae + Onagraceae.
Table 1.
Mean and standard deviation of pollen size in Myrtales (in microns).
Letters in parentheses indicate significant difference between groups in post hoc multiple comparison.
Fig 3.
Double box-plots of pollen size of Myrtales in equatorial (A) and polar (B) views colored by family. The families Alzateaceae, Crypteroniaceae, and Penaeaceae are collectively included under the “CAP clade”.
Fig 4.
Morphospaces of pollen shape in Myrtales grouped by family.
Morphospaces of pollen shape in Myrtales grouped by family. The families Alzateaceae, Crypteroniaceae, and Penaeaceae are collectively included under the “CAP clade”. A: Empirical morphospace of pollen shape variation in equatorial view. B: Theoretical morphospace of pollen shape variation in equatorial view. C: Empirical morphospace of pollen shape variation in polar view. D: Theoretical morphospace of pollen shape variation in polar view.
Fig 5.
Phylomorphospace in three dimensions of Myrtales pollen traits using phylogeny A.
Phylomorphospace in three dimensions including 112 species of Myrtales with pollen size represented by log transformed pollen length in polar view and pollen shape in equatorial and polar views represented by PC1 of each.
Table 2.
Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression models of pollen traits.
**, <0.005; ***, <0.001.
Fig 6.
Shifts in shape during the evolutionary history of Myrtales on topology.
Shifts in shape during the evolutionary history of Myrtales on topology A. The color of the edges of the tree and the bars of the bar plot indicate the regime number of that clade. Asterisks highlight edges where shifts occurred and numbers at their side indicate bootstrap support for the corresponding shift.
Fig 7.
Shifts in size during the evolutionary history of Myrtales on topology.
Shifts of size during the evolutionary history of Myrtales on topology A. The color of the edges of the tree and the bars of the bar plot indicate the regime number of that clade. Asterisks highlight edges where shifts occurred and numbers at their side indicate bootstrap support for the corresponding shift.
Fig 8.
Shifts of size and shape variables in the evolutionary history of Myrtales.
Shifts of size and shape variables modeled together during the evolutionary history of Myrtales on topology A. The color of the edges of the tree and the bars of the bar plot indicate the regime number of that clade. Asterisks highlight edges where shifts occurred and numbers at their side indicate bootstrap support for the corresponding shift. Only shifts with more than 50% bootstrap support are annotated. Bar plots next to the tree represent the trait values.
Fig 9.
Phylomorphospace in three dimensions of Myrtales pollen shape traits and latitude.
Phylomorphospace in three dimensions including 109 species of Myrtales including latitude and pollen shape in equatorial and polar views represented by PC1 of each.
Table 3.
Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression models of pollen traits and absolute latitude.
***, <0.001.