Fig 1.
Schematic diagram showing the microcosm setup for isolation of hypha-associated bacteria from soil.
Fig 2.
Visualization of P. bilaii hyphal growth and hyphal viability.
Glass cover slips were recovered from soil microcosms at day 0, 4, 6 and 8. Column A: Calcofluor White M2R was used to stain the cell walls of P. bilaii. Columns B, C and D: FUN 1 stain was used to determine metabolically active (B) or inactive (D) hyphae, as well as active and inactive spores (C). Killed hyphae were set as a negative control (Column D, Day 0). All images were obtained at 630 times magnification.
Fig 3.
Colonization of Penicillium bilaii hyphae by bacteria after incubation for A: 6 days and B: 8 days in soil.
Hyphae and bacteria were stained by SYBR Green and the microscopy image was obtained at 400 times magnification.
Fig 4.
Composition of microbial communities in A: Bulk soil or B and C: Attached to the hyphae of P. bilaii.
Relative abundances of taxa are shown on phylum level in panel A and B (Proteobacteria are displayed at the class level), while panel C depicts the distribution of proteobacterial genera from the hyphae-associated community. “Others” represent taxa with < 1% relative abundance. Data for either microbial community is obtained from two replicates.
Fig 5.
Neighbor-joining tree of bacteria associated with P. bilaii hyphae belonging to the genus Burkholderia.
The tree was constructed from 375 unambiguously aligned nucleotides from the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences derived from hyphae-associated bacteria from the microcosms are designated OTU HB. Bootstrap values are based on 1000 pseudo-replications, and only values > 50% are shown.