Table 1.
Housekeeping and immune-related primers used in this study.
Fig 1.
Heatmap of differential expression of immune-related genes in white-eyed and brown-eyed pupae.
The colors indicate the average mRNA levels compared to average levels of mRNA in control groups: purple indicates lower and green higher levels. Range log2 value of relative expression ratio is indicated in the legend on the right. Each column corresponds to the expression profile of one treatment (Thiamethoxam; Varroa; Thiamethoxam and Varroa) and each row, to one gene transcript. The immune-related gene names and corresponding immune pathway are indicated on the left. Boxes marked with symbol (*) shows statistically significant effect of treatment on gene expression if the p-value was equal to or less than 0.05.
Fig 2.
Box plot diagrams for immune-related gene expression.
Each box plot represents the ΔCq values measured for biological replicates for selected treatment and developmental stage. Treatments sharing the same letter are not significantly different from one another within the same developmental stage. Treatments are indicated in the scale at the bottom of the plots: Control; Thia: thiamethoxam; Varroa; Varroa and Thia: Varroa and thiamethoxam. Analysis was undertaken with program R. The results demonstrating the level of gene expression are shown in log2 scale.
Fig 3.
The effect of thiamethoxam on immune related gene expression in Varroa infested bees.
The expression level for each gene is presented as difference in average expression level in Varroa infested group and infested-thiamethoxam treated group. The higher expression levels are indicated with red color, lower expression levels are indicated with blue color. Immune pathway diagram for white-eyed pupae (A) and brown-eyed pupae (B) are presented. The range of relative expression ratio is indicated in the legend (S1 Fig). Bluer color in panel indicates higher influence of thiamethoxam on Varroa infested pupae.