Fig 1.
Randomization and follow-up of study subjects.
Fig 2.
Experimental design—Assessments and interventions on each patient.
Table 1.
Baseline epidemiological and clinical characteristics according to treatment group.
Values are given as mean (SD) or frequency (percentage) (n = 40).
Fig 3.
Comparisons of the pain scores in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) between s-tDCS and a-tDCS groups pre-treatment and in the postoperative cumulative pain scores (VAS D0-D1).
Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). Letters indicates a significant difference between the sham group and tDCS group (P < 0.05) assessed by t-test for independent sample.
Fig 4.
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS 0–10) scores at baseline and during follow-up.
Fig A presents pain on VAS during rest and Fig B, pain on VAS during walking. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). Asterisks (*) positioned above symbols indicate significant differences (p<0.01) at those time points using Bonferroni’s test. B0 = baseline. B1 = moment before surgery. D (0–7) = postoperative days.
Table 2.
Change on NPS(0–10) during CPM-task and B-PCP:S score.
Data area presented as median and interquartile (Q)25-75, mean (SD) and Δ-value (n = 40).
Fig 5.
A and B. Scatter plots of CSF BDNF and Δ-B-PCP:S score value (i.e., follow-up end minus baseline level) according to s-tDCS (5A) and a-tDCS (5B).