Fig 1.
Overview of the racing simulator and eye tracker.
Fig 2.
Overview of the circuit layout and centerline corner radius in meters.
The start/finish line and driving direction are indicated by the black line and arrow, respectively. Grey shaded areas indicate the corner segments.
Fig 3.
Overview of all lap times of all sessions per participant.
The ranking is based on the best lap time, and each rank corresponds to one participant. The lap time median per participant is shown in red. Markers were given a random offset from -0.25 to 0.25 on their rank, to reduce the overlap of markers. The numbers above the graph correspond to the total number of completed laps and the number of discarded laps (in parentheses) per participant.
Table 1.
Session means (standard deviations in parentheses) of the dependent measures for the four sessions.
p values are indicated for comparisons between the both groups of drivers. Pearson correlation coefficients are shown between the first and fourth session and the third and fourth session.
Fig 4.
From top to bottom, overview of vehicle speed, steering angle, brake position, and throttle position as a function of traveled distance for the racing drivers and non-racing drivers averaged across both groups for the fastest laps of each of the four sessions.
Grey shaded areas indicate the four corners.
Fig 5.
Top: absolute steering wheel velocity as a function of traveled distance of the fastest lap of each session (N = 28 for the racing drivers, N = 40 for the non-racing drivers). Individual lines are shown as well as the group means with a thick line type. Grey shaded areas indicate the four corners. Lower left: Probability density of the throttle position averaged across the fastest laps of each session, for the racing drivers and non-racing drivers. Significant differences (p < 0.01) are indicated by the black horizontal line at the bottom of the figure. Lower right: Brake position traces for the fastest lap of each session, for the racing drivers and non-racing drivers. A temporal shift was applied to the onset of braking (defined as brake position > 10). Individual participants’ brake positions are shown, as well as the group means indicated by the thicker line. The vertical dashed line indicates the brake onset time, at t = 0 s.
Fig 6.
Individual paths of the vehicle center of the racing drivers (N = 28) and non-racing drivers (N = 40) for the fastest laps of each session for the second (left) and third (right) corner, the driving direction is indicated by the black arrow.
The three panels indicate the start (1), middle (2), and the end of the corner (3) and corresponds to an area of 40 by 40 m.
Fig 7.
Gaze yaw angle (top), head yaw angle (middle), and eye-in-head angle (bottom) during the fastest overall lap of each session and racing drivers (N = 26) and non-racing drivers (N = 34).
Individual lines are shown as well as the group means by the thick line. Positive values correspond to rotation to the right. The eye-in-head was determined as the difference between the gaze yaw angle and the head yaw angle and illustrates the orientation of the eye with respect to the head. Grey shaded areas indicate the four corners and a gray dashed line in the figures references to zero.
Fig 8.
Difference between the horizontal gaze angle and the tangent point angle as a function of track position for the racing drivers (top left) and non-racing drivers (top right) averaged across all sessions and fastest laps.
The black arrow indicates the driving direction. The lower left panel shows the horizontal gaze angle with respect to the tangent point, averaged across all sessions and fastest laps for both the racing drivers and the non-racing drivers. The lower right panel shows a definition of the horizontal gaze angle, the tangent point, and the color scaling.