Table 1.
List of LAMP primers used in this study.
Fig 1.
Location of 318 lake samples collected between November 2013 and August 2015.
Fig 2.
Specificity of assays validated with D. polymorpha and D. bugensis.
D. polymorpha CO1 primers resulted in positive amplification only when D. polymorpha genomic DNA was present (A). Similarly D. bugensis CO1 primers gave amplification product only when D. bugensis genomic DNA was present (B).
Table 2.
Results obtained for different sample types including: Dreissena polymorpha tissues, Dreissena bugensis tissues, D. polymorpha veligers, 1000X concentrated water, and un-concentrated water.
Information for each sample includes the location, the month and year of sample collection, sample processing, primers used, estimated target per reaction, and measured TTP.
Fig 3.
Direct amplification results for sample collection strategies including 1000X concentration (20 L hand-filtered to 20 mL) and un-concentrated water, at high initial population abundances (circles; open for concentrated and closed for un-concentrated) and low initial population abundances (triangles; open for concentrated and closed for un-concentrated).
At high abundance, no change in TTP was observed between 1000X concentration and water-only. At low abundance, positive results were observed only after 1000X concentration.
Fig 4.
Results from direct amplification of environmental samples.
Mass estimates for D. polymorpha CO1 (blue circles), D. bugensis CO1 (red triangles), and Dreissena sp. 18S rRNA (black squares). Larger shapes correspond to a high concentration tissue detected.
Fig 5.
Comparison of results between the field-concentrated samples with direct amplification and the unconcentrated samples with DNA extraction and amplification.
This 1:1 plot shows amplification results of the field-concentrated samples with direct amplification as compared to the results of 1 L unconcentrated samples following DNA extraction. Points along the y-axis only amplified with the field-concentrated samples and direct amplification while those along the x-axis only amplified with the unconcentrated method. Points in the center correspond to positive detections using both methods.