Fig 1.
Study CONSORT flowchart.
Fig 2.
Typical 1H NMR spectrum of an aqueous extract (in deuterated water) of a NR capsule obtained on a bruker AVANCE III 800 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer.
NMR signals that arise from NR are labeled with the corresponding location of the hydrogen atom(s) as shown in the molecular structure of NR (inset). TSP [3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic acid-2,2,3,3-d4 sodium salt] was used as an internal standard to quantify the amount and purity of NR in the capsules. The purity of NR was calculated based on integration of all the peaks and was in the range of 98–99%.
Table 1.
Comparisons of pre-specified endpoints between baseline (Day 1) and Day 9.
Parameter values reported as mean ± standard deviation.
Table 2.
Comparisons of other variables of interest between Day 1 and Day 9.
Parameter values reported as mean ± standard deviation.
Fig 3.
Concentration-time curves for NR (top) and NAD+ (bottom).
Each subject is depicted in a different color with time points connected by a line. The y-axis depicts NR and NAD+ concentrations in μM, and the x-axis depicts values on Day 1 (baseline) and then time post-dose in hours on Day 9. The baseline time point was collected pre-dose on Day 1 of the trial.
Fig 4.
Line plots of concentrations (μM) of NAD+ and NR at Day 1 (baseline) and the average concentration at steady state (Cave,ss).
Each subject is depicted in a different color and the time points are connected by a line. The p value for a paired Student’s t test is shown in the upper left corner of each plot.
Table 3.
Comparisons of blood NR and NAD+ levels at baseline (Day 1) with trough, peak, Cave,ss concentrations on Day 9.
Values shown are mean ± standard deviation (n = 8); p values corrected for multiple testing using the Holm method.
Fig 5.
Correlation between absolute changes in NAD+ concentration versus NR concentration.
Each subject is plotted as a different color. The blue line shows a linear regression of the change in NAD+ given the change in NR, and the shaded area shows the 95% confidence interval of that regression.