Table 1.
Patient profiles.
Fig 1.
Routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count between neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and non-NPSLE. (B) Comparison of CSF glucose level between NPSLE and non-NPSLE. (C) Comparison of CSF TP level between NPSLE and non-NPSLE. Horizontal lines indicate the median. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 2.
Cerebrospinal fluid alpha2 macroglobulin in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Western blot analysis of alpha2 macroglobulin (α2MG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Upregulation of α2MG in CSF was evident in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients. (B) Comparison of CSF α2MG level between NPSLE and non-NPSLE. (C) Comparison of CSF α2MG level among the subsets of NPSLE. ACS, acute confusional state; non-ACS, diffuse NPSLE other than ACS; Focal, focal NPSLE. In (B) and (C), data are shown as box plots. The boxes indicate the upper and lower interquartile range (IQR), the lines within the boxes indicate the median, the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum IQR. Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 3.
Quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Comparison of quotient alpha2 macroglobulin (Q α2MG) level between neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and non-NPSLE. (B) Comparison of Q α2MG among subsets of NPSLE. ACS, acute confusional state; non-ACS, diffuse NPSLE other than ACS; Focal, focal NPSLE. Data are shown as box plots. The boxes indicate the upper and lower interquartile range (IQR), the lines within the boxes indicate the median, the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum IQR Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 4.
Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin (IL)-6 level between neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and non-NPSLE. (B) Comparison of CSF IL-6 level among subsets of NPSLE. ACS, acute confusional state; non-ACS, diffuse NPSLE other than ACS; Focal, focal NPSLE. Data are shown as box plots. The boxes indicate the upper and lower interquartile range (IQR), the lines within the boxes indicate the median, the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum IQR Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 5.
Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid total protein level and the quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total protein (TP) level and quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin (Q α2MG) in all neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients. (B) Correlation between CSF TP and Q α2MG in diffuse NPSLE patients. (C) Correlation between CSF TP and Q α2MG in focal NPSLE patients. Statistical significance was determined using the Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Fig 6.
Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 concentration and the quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin (IL)-6 concentration and quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin (Q α2MG) in all neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients. (B) Correlation between CSF IL-6 and Q α2MG in diffuse NPSLE patients. (C) Correlation between CSF IL-6 and Q α2MG in focal NPSLE patients. Statistical significance was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Fig 7.
Complement component 3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum.
(A) Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and complement component 3 (C3) level between neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and non-NPSLE. (B) Comparison of CSF C3 level among the subsets of NPSLE. ACS, acute confusional state; non-ACS, diffuse NPSLE other than ACS; Focal, focal NPSLE. (C) Comparison of serum C3 level between NPSLE and non-NPSLE. (D) Correlation between serum C3 level and CSF C3 level. In (A), (B), and (C), data are shown as box plots. The boxes indicate the upper and lower interquartile range (IQR), the lines within the boxes indicate the median, the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum IQR. Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. In (D), statistical analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Fig 8.
Quotient of complement component 3 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Comparison of quotient of complement component 3 (Q C3) value between neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and non-NPSLE. (B) Comparison of Q C3 value among the subsets of NPSLE. ACS, acute confusional state; non-ACS, diffuse NPSLE other than ACS; Focal, focal NPSLE. Data are shown as box plots. The boxes indicate the upper and lower interquartile range (IQR), the lines within the boxes indicate the median, the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum IQR. Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Fig 9.
Correlation between the quotient of complement component 3 (Q C3) and the quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin (Q α2MG) in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
(A) Correlation between Q C3 and Q α2MG in all neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients. (B) Correlation between Q C3 and Q α2MG in diffuse NPSLE patients. (C) Correlation between Q C3 and Q α2MG in focal NPSLE patients. Statistical significance was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Fig 10.
Complement component 3 (C3) index (quotient of complement component 3 (Q C3)/quotient of alpha2 macroglobulin (Q α2MG)).
(A) Comparison of C3 index between NPSLE and non-NPSLE. (B) Comparison of C3 index among the subsets of NPSLE. ACS, acute confusional state; non-ACS, diffuse NPSLE other than ACS; Focal, focal NPSLE. Data are shown as box plots. The boxes indicate the upper and lower interquartile range (IQR), the lines within the boxes indicate the median, the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum IQR. Each dot represents an individual sample. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.