Fig 1.
Flow diagram of the literature search and study selection.
Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the analysis of the effects of beta-blockers on cardiac events.
Fig 2.
Effectiveness of beta-blockers on reduction of cardiac events.
Cardiac events were defined as syncope, aborted cardiac arrest (ACA), or sudden cardiac death (SCD) (2A), and serious cardiac events were confined to ACA or SCD (2B).
Fig 3.
Effectiveness of beta-blockers on reduction of cardiac events according to long-QT syndrome (LQT) genotype.
A. LQT type 1; B. LQT type 2.
Fig 4.
Comparison of effectiveness of beta-blockers on reduction of cardiac events between long-QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) and 2 (LQT2).
A. atenolol; B. metoprolol; C. nadolol; D. propranolol.
Fig 5.
Risk reduction of cardiac events before and after beta-blocker therapy in the same population.
A. All genotypes; B. comparison among genotypes. LQT1, long-QT syndrome type 1; LQT2, long-QT syndrome type 2; LQT3, long-QT syndrome type 3.