Fig 1.
Body configurations at cable release, toe off, foot contact and knee joint maximum during balance recovery for a representative participant.
The vectors represent resultant ground reaction forces measure under each foot and the wrap object required to maintain erector spinae moment arms is visible in the region of the lower back.
Fig 2.
Vector plots for older adults (A) and younger adults (B) representing the acceleration induced by the experimentally measured ground reaction force and the acceleration induced by the sum of all muscle forces to the acceleration on the whole body COM.
Each line represents the resultant vector of the vertical and anterior-posterior acceleration caused by the ground reaction force (in grey) and the sum of all muscle forces (in black) a respectively. X and Y axis are scaled equally.
Fig 3.
Instantaneous and mean COM accelerations for older adults (A) and younger adults (B) in the vertical, anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions during balance recovery for the period from cable release and toe-off (CR-TO), toe-off to foot contact (TO-FC) foot contact to knee joint maximum (FC-KJM).
Error bars represent one standard deviation.
Fig 4.
Vector plots representing the muscle induced accelerations of key muscles from the stance and stepping side limbs for older adults (A) and younger adults (B) from cable release (CR) to knee joint maximum (KJM) during balance recovery by stepping.
Each line represents the resultant vector of the vertical and anterior-posterior acceleration induced by the respective muscle on the COM. The vertical and horizontal axis of each plot are scaled equally.
Fig 5.
Mean muscle contributions to COM accelerations during balance recovery by stepping for older adults (A) and younger adults (B) from both stance side and stepping side muscles.
Muscles presented are: Vasti (V), Gluteus Maximus (GMX), Hip Abductors (HAB), Hip Adductors (HAD), Hamstrings (HAM), Iliopsoas (IP) and Gastrocnemius (GAS) and Soleus (SOL). Error bars represent one standard deviation.