Fig 1.
Overview of the Virtual SILCton Environment and the target locations.
A top-down perspective of Virtual SILCton with the six target locations (red). The ID of each location does not correspond to the order of visits during the experiment.
Fig 2.
(a) Screenshot of a participant collecting a sphere during the training phase. The yellow catchment area surrounds the intended target. For this figure, the catchment area appears slightly brighter than in the actual experiment. (b) Screenshot of a participant calling the arrow during the navigation phase. The destination (Tobler Museum) is indicated in the top-left corner of the screen. The energy bar is placed at the top of the screen.
Fig 3.
Images representing examples of the different tasks from the participant’s perspective. (a) Image of the Rotate (ROT) task from a first-person perspective. (b) Image of the Move (MOV) task from a first-person perspective. (c) Image of the Rotate with map (RWM) task from a first-person perspective with a north-up, top-down map. (d) Image of the Chase with map (CWM) task from a first-person perspective with a north-up, top-down map. This selection exhibits different components present in all tasks. For this figure, the catchment area appears slightly brighter than in the actual experiment and the size of the spheres on the map has been increased to be more visible to the reader.
Fig 4.
This tree represents the variable assignments for each of the eight tasks. Independent variables are inner nodes, and tasks are presented as leaves.
Fig 5.
Paths of best and worst participants during testing.
The blue line traces the path of the best-performing participant. No wrong turn was taken and nearly no deviations occurred on straight paths. The red line traces the path of the worst-performing participant. Many wrong turns and unnecessary deviations from straight paths can be observed.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for simple tasks.
Fig 6.
Three exemplary trial results from the simple task phase.
The blue circle indicates the target sphere. The green circle/line indicates the position of the participant. The orange line indicates the viewing direction via the location of the catchment area. If a participant or sphere moves, the S indicates the starting location and the E indicates the end location. (a) Rotation from Memory (RFM): The participant rotates back and forth between two spheres. (b) Move with Map (MWM): The participant rotates in the beginning, moves towards the target, and then rotates again. In the end, the participant is slightly inaccurate with respect to the target’s location. (c) Chase (CHA): The participant rotates in the beginning to find the sphere and then intercepts it.
Table 2.
Communalities and factors of REFA.
Table 3.
Performance measures for participants.
Fig 7.
Correlations and REFA factors.
This visualisation exhibits the first set of REFA factor loadings at the top and the correlation matrix at the bottom. Each column in the top part corresponds to the same column in the matrix. The loading strengths of each factor are colour-coded according to whether they are positive (blue) or negative (orange). The conservative loading threshold of .6 [73] is shown as a dashed line, and any loading above that threshold is considered meaningful. In the correlation matrix, any significant correlation (p < .05, abs(ρ20) = .42) is coloured. The visualisation is based on [74] (see S2 Code).