Table 1.
Total counts of wheat aphids and natural enemies observed in the control plots of wheat fields planted on 24th November,27th November and 3rd December during the growing season of 2013.
Table 2.
Effect of sowing dates on mean (± SE) numbers of wheat aphids during the growing season of 2012 and 2013.
Fig 1.
Mean (± SE) numbers of wheat aphids per plant on several observation dates between crops planted at different sowing times during the growing season of (A) 2012 and (B) 2013.
Wheat was planted on 27th November, 6th and 16th December in 2012; and on 24th and 27th November and December 3rd in 2013. Means within each observation date sharing common letters are not statistically different at P < 0.05 (LSD test).
Fig 2.
Mean (± SEM) number of wheat aphids per plant in the growing season 2012–2013.
Wheat was planted on dates (A) 27th November (B) 6th December, (C) 16th December. Control: no spray; MLE: spray of moringa leaf extract; MLE+NSE: spray of moringa leaf extract in combinaiton with neem seed extract; NSE-1: one spray of neem seed extract; I: spray of imidacloprid; I+MLE: spray of imidcloprid in combination with moringa leaf extract; NSE-2: two sprays of neem seed extract. Means on a given sowing date sharing common letters are not statistically different at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test).
Fig 3.
Mean (± SEM) number of wheat aphids per plant in the growing season of 2013–2014.
Wheat was planted on dates (A) 24th November (B) 27th November, (C) 3rd December. Control: no spray; MLE: spray of moringa leaf extract; MLE+NSE: spray of moringa leaf extract in combinaiton with neem seed extract; NSE-1: one spray of neem seed extract; I: spray of imidacloprid; I+MLE: spray of imidcloprid in combination with moringa leaf extract; NSE-2: two sprays of neem seed extract. Means on a given sowing date sharing common letters are not statistically different at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test).
Table 3.
Mean (± SEM) seasonal sum of predators and predator–prey ratios per plot from wheat fields planted at three different dates during the growing season of 2013–14.
Table 4.
Effect of various treatments on shoot biomass, grains/spike and thousand grains weights per plot from wheat planted on different dates during 2012–13 wheat growing season.
Table 5.
Effect of various treatments on shoot biomass, grains/spike and thousand grains weights per plot from wheat planted on different dates during 2013–14 wheat growing season.
Fig 4.
Mean (± SEM) yield (kg/ha) in 2012.
Wheat was planted on dates (A) 27th November (B) 6th December, (C) 16th December. Control: no spray; MLE: spray of moringa leaf extract; MLE+NSE: spray of moringa leaf extract in combinaiton with neem seed extract; NSE-1: one spray of neem seed extract; I: spray of imidacloprid; I+MLE: spray of imidcloprid in combination with moringa leaf extract; NSE-2: two sprays of neem seed extract. Means on a given sowing date sharing common letters are not statistically different at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test).
Fig 5.
Mean (± SEM) yield (kg/ha) in 2013.
Wheat was planted on dates (A) 24th November (B) 27th November, (C) 3rd December. Control: no spray; MLE: spray of moringa leaf extract; MLE+NSE: spray of moringa leaf extract in combinaiton with neem seed extract; NSE-1: one spray of neem seed extract; I: spray of imidacloprid; I+MLE: spray of imidcloprid in combination with moringa leaf extract; NSE-2: two sprays of neem seed extract. Means on a given sowing date sharing common letters are not statistically different at P < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test).