Table 1.
Composition and nutrient contents of basal diet.
Table 2.
Primer used in bacterial quantification.
Table 3.
Primer sequences (5′→3′) used in the gene expression procedure.
Table 4.
Effect of in ovo injection of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on hatchability and weight of one-day-old chicks (n = 70).
Table 5.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), injected in ovo and/or fed through diet on performance of broiler chicks during one to 14 days of age.
Table 6.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on serum immunoglobulins concentrations of chicks at one and 14 days of age.
Table 7.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on biochemical serum parameters at day 14 of age.
Table 8.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on intestinal microbial population (Log10 copy number/g) at day 14 of age.
Fig 1.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on expression of nutrient transporter genes of jejunum.
A: 1 day of age; B: 14 days of age. Values are expressed as means of six replicates, Error bars are standard deviation. a–c, bars with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05). * indicates P<0.05 by T-test. C, control; PREBovo, 20mg OligoPKC in ovo-injected; PREBd, fed 1% OligoPKC; PREBovo+d, 20 mg OligoPKC in ovo-injected + fed 1% OligoPKC; SGLT1, Na+-dependent glucose and galactose transporter; SGLT5, glucose transporter; GLUT2, Na+-independent glucose, galactose and fructose transporter; GLUT5, Na+-independent fructose transporter; PepT1, oligopeptide transporter; EAAT3, excitatory amino acid transporter; LCAD, Long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase. Parallel to in ovo injection of OligoPKC, an active component, saline as placebo was injected.
Fig 2.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on expression of genes involve in production of antioxidant enzymes in the liver.
A: 1 day of age; B: 14 days of age. Values are expressed as means of six replicates. Error bars are standard deviation. a–b, bars with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05). * indicates P<0.05 by T-test. C, control; PREBovo, 20mg OligoPKC in ovo-injected; PREBd, fed 1% OligoPKC; PREBovo+d, 20 mg OligoPKC in ovo-injected + fed 1% OligoPKC; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GST-α, glutathione S-transferase-α. Parallel to in ovo injection of OligoPKC, an active component, saline as placebo was injected.
Table 9.
Effect of prebiotic, oligosaccharides extract of palm kernel cake (OligoPKC), on antioxidant capacities of serum and liver at one and 14 days of age.