Fig 1.
Hypothetical scenarios of disturbance impacting temporal gamma, alpha, and beta diversity of an assemblage.
Each symbol represents a distinct taxon; αt represents taxon richness at discrete time points (t1-3), βt represents the turnover of taxa between time points, and γt represents taxon richness summed across time points.
Fig 2.
Temporal gamma diversity of native bees in reserve (gray boxes) and fragment plots (white boxes).
Box and whisker plots show (A) rarefied species richness, (B) logit-transformed rarefied assemblage evenness (Pielou’s J), (C) logit-transformed proportion of individuals belonging to generalist species, and (D) cube root-transformed average number of bees collected per temporal sample. Boxes show central 50% of data and median; whiskers show quantiles ± interquartile range × 1.5, or most extreme values of data, whichever is closest to median; and circles denote outliers. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.005.
Fig 3.
Temporal alpha diversity of native bees in reserve and fragment plots in 2011 (A-D) and 2012 (E-H).
Scatterplots show (A,E) rarefied species richness, (B,F) logit-transformed rarefied assemblage evenness (Pielou’s J), (C,G) logit-transformed proportions of individuals belonging to generalist species, and (D,H) cube root-transformed number of bees collected per temporal sample. All plots show regression lines to visualize data trends. Significant main effects and interactions from linear mixed-effects models are indicated on each graph: T = treatment, S = temporal sample. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.005.
Fig 4.
Temporal beta diversity of native bees in reserve (gray boxes) and fragment plots (white boxes).
Beta diversity was calculated as the multivariate dispersion of abundance-weighted bee assemblages in distinct temporal samples within each study plot. Boxes, whiskers, and asterisks are as in Fig 2.