Fig 1.
Global subregions and number of expert panelists with more than 3 years of work experience in the subregion.
Subregions are defined on the basis of child and adult mortality as described by Ezzati et al. (2002) [18]. Stratum A: very low child and adult mortality; Stratum B: low child mortality and very low adult mortality; Stratum C: low child mortality and high adult mortality; Stratum D: high child and adult mortality; and Stratum E: high child mortality and very high adult mortality. AFR = Africa Region; AMR = Region of the Americas; EMR = Eastern Mediterranean Region; EUR = European Region; SEAR = South-East Asia Region; WPR = Western Pacific Region. Havelaar et al. 2015 provides a list of countries in each subregion [1]. The use of the term ‘subregion’ here and throughout the text does not identify an official grouping of WHO Member States, and the ‘subregions’ are not related to the six official WHO regions [16]. Values in circles indicate the number of experts in panels in each region.
Table 1.
Food exposure routes elicited in WHO global burden of foodborne disease expert elicitation by pathogen*.
Fig 2.
Attribution of foodborne illnesses to food contamination at the point it enters the place of final preparation for consumption.
Table 2.
Example calibration questions used in WHO global burden of foodborne disease source attribution expert elicitation.
Fig 3.
Example food source attribution questions provided in expert elicitation instructions.
Fig 4.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 5.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 6.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 7.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 8.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 9.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 10.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by parasite and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 11.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by bacteria and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 12.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by bacteria and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 13.
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by bacteria and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Fig 14.
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC).
Proportion of foodborne disease attributable to specific foods: Median estimate, and 90% and 95% uncertainty intervals by bacteria and subregion. “Small ruminants’ meat” was listed as “Goat, lamb and other small ruminants’ meat” in the expert elicitation instrument. The X-axis labels are percentages. The dot represents the median estimate; the dark black line, the 90% uncertainty interval; and the gray line the 95% uncertainty interval.
Table 3.
Percent of foodborne illnesses attributed to specified food exposures from prior national studies and this study.
Table 4.
Percent of foodborne illnesses attributed to specified food exposures from prior national studies and this study*.
Table 5.
Percent of foodborne illnesses attributed to specified food exposures from prior national studies and this study.