Fig 1.
Clean leading edge NACA 4415 airfoil.
Fig 2.
Sinusoidal tubercles with different amplitudes and constant wavelength.
Fig 3.
Spherical tubercles with different amplitudes and constant wavelength.
Fig 4.
Domain with structured mesh.
Fig 5.
O-grid structured mesh around clean airfoil with structured mesh.
Fig 6.
O-grid structured mesh around sinusoidal tubercle airfoil.
Fig 7.
O-grid structured mesh around spherical tubercle airfoil.
Fig 8.
Cp expt and γ-Reθ SST a) 6 degree AOA b) 18 degree AOA Aftab et al., [22].
Table 1.
Parameters of the current study.
Fig 9.
Cl vs. AoA.
Fig 10.
Cd vs. AoA.
Table 2.
Cl, Cd and L/D for clean airfoil and sinusoidal TLE airfoil with 0.025c and 0.25c.
Table 3.
Cl, Cd and L/D for clean airfoil and spherical TLE airfoil with 0.025c and 0.25c.
Fig 11.
Velocity vectors X plane 0.35c downstream of airfoil.
Fig 12.
Velocity vectors X plane 0.4c downstream of airfoil.
Fig 13.
Velocity vectors X plane 0.5c downstream of airfoil.
Fig 14.
Velocity vectors X plane 0.55c downstream of airfoil.
Fig 15.
Spherical TLE airfoil in test section.
Fig 16.
UPM open loop low speed wind tunnel [28].
Table 4.
Range and accuracy of the balance Wisuda [29].
Fig 17.
Calibration rig.
Table 5.
Cl, Cd vs AoA.
Fig 18.
Cl vs AoA TLE airfoil.
Fig 19.
Cd vs AoA TLE airfoil.
Fig 20.
L/D vs AoA TLE airfoil.
Fig 21.
Cl vs AoA comparison.
Fig 22.
Cd vs AoA comparison.
Table 6.
Cl, Cd and L/D for clean airfoil and spherical TLE airfoil with A 0.025c and W 0.25c.
Fig 23.
L/D vs AoA comparison.
Table 7.
Cl, Cd and L/D for VG airfoil and spherical TLE airfoil with A 0.025c and W 0.25c.
Fig 24.
Cl vs AoA comparison.
Fig 25.
Cd vs AoA comparison.
Fig 26.
L/D vs AoA comparison.