Table 1.
Zeta potential, size and polydispersity index (PDI) measurements.
Table 2.
Loading and association efficiency percentage of pollutants adsorbed on PLGA(-) nanoparticles.
Fig 1.
Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of PLGA(-) nanoparticles.
H292 cells were treated for 15h with 250μg.ml-1 of PLGA(-) nanoparticles and cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay (A), LDH assay (B) and CellTox green assay® (C) and are respectively presented as percentage of viability (A) and mortality (B and C).
Fig 2.
Cytotoxicity of free versus PLGA-adsorbed naphthalene.
H292 cells were treated with 64.1μg.ml-1 (500μM) of free (NA) or nanoparticle-adsorbed naphthalene (PLGA(-) NA) before assessing their viability by MTT assay (A, C, E) and their mortality by LDH assay (B, D) or CellTox Green® assay (F), following three protocols: a 3-hour treatment associated with S9 metabolic activation followed by a 15-hour recovery period (S9+ 3h/15h: A-B), a 3-hour treatment followed by a 15-hour recovery period (S9- 3h/15h: C-D) and a 15-hour treatment (E-F). T-test *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.005 versus free naphthalene.
Fig 3.
ROS induction by free versus PLGA-adsorbed naphthalene.
H292 cells were treated for 5 hours with 64.1μg.ml-1 (500μM) of free (NA) or nanoparticle-adsorbed naphthalene (PLGA(-) NA) before measuring the ROS induction by the H2DCF-DA method. T-test *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.005 versus free naphthalene; §§: p<0.01 versus control.
Fig 4.
Genotoxicity of free versus PLGA-adsorbed naphthalene.
H292 cells were treated with 0 to 500μM (64.1μg.ml-1) of free (-) or nanoparticle-adsorbed naphthalene (PLGA(-))before assessing the genotoxicity. DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay (A) and the modified comet assays with the human 8-Oxo-guanine-glycosylase 1 (B). DNA damage is expressed as the percentage of DNA in the tail. Chromosomal aberration was determined by the micronucleus test (C). +: positive control. Mann—Whitney U-test (A, B) *: p<0.05 versus the negative control; Chi2 test (C) *:p<0.05 versus the negative control.
Fig 5.
Cytotoxicity of free versus PLGA-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene.
H292 cells were treated with 12.6μg.ml-1 (50μM) of free (B(a)P) or nanoparticle-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene (PLGA(-) B(a)P) before assessing the viability by MTT assay (A, C, E) and the mortality by LDH assay (B, D) following three protocols: a 3-hour treatment associated with S9 metabolic activation followed by a 15-hour recovery period (S9+ 3h/15h: A-B), a 3-hour treatment followed by a 15-hour recovery period (S9- 3h/15h: C-D) and a 15-hour treatment (E). T-test *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.005 versus free benzo(a)pyrene.
Fig 6.
ROS induction by free versus PLGA-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene.
H292 cells were treated for 5 hours with 12.6μg.ml-1 (50μM) of free (B(a)P) or nanoparticle-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene (PLGA(-) B(a)P) before measuring the ROS induction by the H2DCF-DA method. T-test **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.005 versus free benzo(a)pyrene.
Fig 7.
Genotoxicity of free versus PLGA-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene.
H292 cells were treated with 0 to 50μM (12.6μg.ml-1) of free (-) or nanoparticle-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene (PLGA(-))before assessing the genotoxicity. DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay (A) and the modified comet assays with the human 8-Oxo-guanine-glycosylase 1 (B). DNA damage is expressed as the percentage of DNA in the tail. Chromosomal aberration was determined by the micronucleus test (C). +: positive control. Mann—Whitney U-test (A, B) *: p<0.05 versus the negative control; Chi2 test (C) *:p<0.05 versus the negative control.
Fig 8.
Cytotoxicity of free versus PLGA-adsorbed di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP).
H292 cells were treated for 15 hours with 58.6μg.ml-1 (150μM) of free (B(a)P) or nanoparticle-adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene (PLGA(-) B(a)P) before assessing the viability by MTT assay (A) and the mortality by CellTox Green® assay (B). T-test ***: p<0.005 versus free DEHP.
Fig 9.
ROS induction by free versus PLGA-adsorbed di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP).
H292 cells were treated for 5 hours with 58.6μg.ml-1 (150μM) of free (DEHP) or nanoparticle-adsorbed pollutant (PLGA(-) DEHP) before measuring the ROS induction by the H2DCF-DA method. T-test no significant versus free DEHP.
Fig 10.
Genotoxicity of free versus PLGA-adsorbed di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP).
H292 cells were treated with 0 to 150μM (58.6μg.ml-1) of free (-) or nanoparticle-adsorbed pollutant (PLGA(-) DEHP) before assessing the genotoxicity. DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay (A) and the modified comet assays with the human 8-Oxo-guanine-glycosylase 1 (B). DNA damage is expressed as the percentage of DNA in the tail. Chromosomal aberration was determined by the micronucleus test (C). +: positive control. Mann—Whitney U-test (A, B) *: p<0.05 versus the negative control; Chi2 test (C) *:p<0.05 versus the negative control.