Fig 1.
(A) MZUSP 81143, male, 44.3 mm SL, lateral view of left side, and (B) MZUSP 81143, female, 29.2 mm SL, lateral view of right side, inverted.
Fig 2.
Lateral view of head of Copella compta.
MZUSP 9162 (A) male, 68.9 mm SL, (B) female, 40.3 mm SL. Arrows show anterior and posterior nares. Also note differences in the curvature of the anterior border of maxilla between male and female.
Fig 3.
Arrows show the anal-fin inclinator muscle of MZUSP 105770 (A) a male, 33.7 mm SL, and (B) a female, 21.7 mm SL.
Fig 4.
Syntypes of Copeina arnoldi, BMNH 1909.4.2.25–26.
(A) male, 34.4 mm SL, (B) female, 25.4 mm SL, Amazon, Brazil and of Copeina carsevennensis, BMNH 1899.7.26.1–5, immatures, (C) 24.3 mm SL, (D) 22.9 mm SL, and (E) 18.5 mm SL, Carsevenne, French Guiana (= rio Calçoene, Amapá, Brazil).
Fig 5.
(A) MPEG 23064, male, 33.2 mm SL, Marapanim, Pará, Brazil; MZUSP 105770, (B) male, 38.2 mm SL, flipped horizontally, (C) male, 33.6 mm SL, (D) male, 33.7 mm SL, male, (E) male, 33.5 mm SL, (F) female, 30.9 mm SL, Vigia, Pará, Brazil.
Fig 6.
Copella arnoldi, live specimens.
MZUSP 105770, (A) male, 39.9 mm SL, (B) female, 27.9 mm SL, Vigia, Pará, Brazil.
Fig 7.
Copella arnoldi live specimen not preserved.
Males above and below, female in the middle, Vitória do Xingú, Pará, Brazil. Reprinted under a CC BY license, with permission from Hans-George Evers, original copyright 2017.
Fig 8.
Ventral view of head of Copella arnoldi.
MZUSP 105770, 35.3 mm SL showing characteristic pigmentation below eye.
Fig 9.
(A) pectoral-, (B) pelvic-, (C) dorsal-, and (D) anal-fin lengths as a function of SL by sex.
Fig 10.
Distribution of Copella arnoldi (white circles) and of C. nattereri (black triangles); type localities of Copeina carsevennensis (yellow circle), C. nattereri (red, triangle), and C. meinkeni (yellow triangle).
Some symbols may represent more than one locality or lot of specimens. Type localities of C. arnoldi and C. callolepis are “lower Amazon basin” and “Amazon”, respectively.
Table 1.
Morphometrics of Copella arnoldi.
Table 2.
Meristics of syntypes of Copeina arnoldi BMNH 109.4.2.25–26 (2), syntypes of Copeina carsevennensis BMNH 1899.7.26.1–5 (2), and paralectotypes of Copella eigenmanni BMNH 1911.10.31.140 (2).
Fig 11.
(A) lectotype of Copeina callolepis, BMNH 1909.4.2.27, male, 31.9 mm SL, Amazon, (B) holotype of Nannostomus stigmasemion, ANSP 39188, immature, 10.8 mm SL, tributary of the rio Madeira near Porto Velho, Brazil, flipped horizontally (photo by K. Luckenbill & M. Sabaj-Perez), (C) drawing of holotype of Nannostomus stigmasemion (Fowler, 1913: fig 4), (D) largest syntype of Pyrrhulina nigrofasciata ZMH 1211, male, 35.8 mm SL, upper rio Amazonas.
Fig 12.
(A) MZUSP 101930, female, 29.9 mm SL, rio Jari, Amapá, Brazil; MPEG 16249: (B) male, 32.3 mm SL, (C) female, 26.0 mm SL, rio Solimões, Coari, Amazonas, Brazil.
Fig 13.
Copella callolepis, live specimens.
(A) male, aquarium specimen not preserved. Reprinted under a CC BY license, with permission from Hans-George Evers, original copyright 2017. (B) male, aquarium specimen not preserved, reprinted from apisto.sites.no under a CC BY license, with permission of Tom Christoffersen, original copyright 2017.
Fig 14.
(A) pectoral-, (B) pelvic-, (C) dorsal-, and (D) anal-fin lengths as a function of SL by sex.
Fig 15.
Distribution of Copella eigenmanni (black triangles) and C. callolepis (white circles) with type localities of ‘Nannostomus’ stigmasemion (red circle), C. eigenmanni (red triangle plotted at Villavicencio, see text), and Copeina metae (yellow triangle).
Some symbols may represent more than one locality or lot of specimens. Type localities of Copella callolepis and ‘Pyrrhulina’ nigrofasciata are “Amazon” and “upper rio Amazonas at Peru” respectively.
Table 3.
Morphometrics of Copella callolepis.
Table 4.
Meristics of the lectotype of Copeina callolepis BMNH 1909.4.2.27 and of largest probable syntype of Pyrrhulina nigrofasciata ZMH 1211.
Fig 16.
(A) holotype, male, CAS 60496, 52.0 mm SL, rio Negro at São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil; MZUSP 9162 (B) male, 68.9 mm SL, (C) female, 40.3 mm SL, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil.
Fig 17.
(A) pectoral-, (B) pelvic-, (C) dorsal-, and (D) anal-fin length as a function of SL by sex.
Fig 18.
Distribution of Copella compta represented by triangles (type locality in red) and C. vilmae represented by circles (type locality in red).
Some symbols may represent more than one locality or lot of specimens.
Table 5.
Morphometrics of Copella compta.
Table 6.
Meristics of the holotype of Copeina compta CAS 60496.
Fig 19.
(A) Lectotype of Copeina eigenmanni, BMNH 1869.7.25.6 male, 37.7 mm SL, Bogotá (= probably rio Meta), Colombia, (B) holotype of Copeina metae, CAS 60494, male, 28.8 mm SL, Barrigona [= Puerto Barrigón], rio Meta, Colombia.
Fig 20.
(A) male, MZUSP 81443, 50.5 mm SL, rio Tiquié, Amazonas, Brazil, (B) male, ICNMHN 1386, 37.5 mm SL, Maya, rio Meta, Colombia, (C) male ICNMHN 942, 32.3 mm SL, (D) male, ICNMHN 942, 36.3 mm SL, Cumaral, rio Meta, Colombia, (E), female, MZUSP 81143, 34.3 mm SL, rio Tiquié, Amazonas, Brazil.
Fig 21.
Copella eigenmanni, live specimens.
MZUSP 81443, rio Tiquié, Amazonas, Brazil. (A) male, approximately 50 mm SL, (B) juvenile. Photo: A. Cabalzar & F. Lima.
Fig 22.
(A) pectoral-, (B) pelvic-, (D) dorsal-, and (A) anal-fin length as a function of SL by sex.
Table 7.
Morphometrics of Copella eigenmanni.
Table 8.
Meristics of lectotype of Copeina eigenmanni BMNH 1869.7.25.6 and holotype of Copeina metae CAS 60494.
Fig 23.
(A) plate II, fig 5 of Steindachner (1876), (B) Lectotype of Pyrrhulina nattereri, NMW 95055, male, 33.7 mm SL, Óbidos, Pará, Brazil, (C) holotype of Copella meinkeni, MTD F 30587, probably female, 40.6 mm SL, clear water stream on Southern Western bank of rio Negro about 5 km downstream Novo Airão, Amazonas, Brazil, (D) paratype of Copella meinkeni, NMW 56973 (33.0 mm SL), Codajás and Tabatinga, Brazil.
Fig 24.
MZUSP 87426, (A) male, 39.3 mm SL, (B) female, 27.3 mm SL, (C) female, 25.7 mm SL, Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, Brazil, (D) MPEG 15913, female, 27.3 mm SL, rio Madeira, Maués, Amazonas, Brazil.
Table 9.
Morphometrics of Copella nattereri.
Fig 25.
Copella nattereri, freshly-collected specimens.
MZUSP 109514 a) male not preserved b) male, 35.8 mm, rio Negro, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil.
Fig 26.
Copella nattereri, live male specimen not preserved.
Reprinted from belowwater.com under a CC BY license, with permission from Oliver Lucanus, original copyright 2017.
Fig 27.
(A) pectoral-, (B) pelvic-, (C) dorsal-, and (D) anal-fin length as a function of SL by sex.
Table 10.
Meristics of lectotype of Pyrrhulina nattereri NMW 95055 and holotype of Copella meinkeni MTD F 30587.
Fig 28.
(A) holotype, male, SMF 5931, 43.9 mm SL, Igarapé Preto near Belém, 60 km downstream Letícia, Colombia, (B) paratype, male, USNM 198135, 46.4 mm SL, (C) USNM paratype, male, 45.4 mm SL, Igarapé Preto near Belém, 60 Km downstream Letícia, Colombia, (D) AMNH 218052, female, 30.5 mm SL, rio Amazonas at Letícia, Colombia. Photos A and B by Sandra Raredon.
Fig 29.
Copella vilmae, live males, aquarium specimens not preserved.
Reprinted from belowwater.com under a CC BY license, with permission from Oliver Lucanus, original copyright 2017.
Fig 30.
Copella vilmae, live aquarium specimens not preserved.
(A) male, (B) female. Both pictures reprinted from apisto.sites.no under a CC BY license, with permission of Tom Christoffersen, original copyright 2017.
Fig 31.
(A) pectoral-, (B) pelvic-, (C) dorsal-, and (D) anal-fin length as a function of SL by sex.
Table 11.
Morphometrics of Copella vilmae.
Table 12.
Meristics of the holotype of Copella vilmae.