Table 1.
PWN-susceptible Pinus species.
Fig 1.
Distribution map of the 21 susceptible Pinus species [40].
Fig 2.
Conceptual scheme of the present study.
Fig 3.
Distribution map of PWN and PWD (a) and regions vulnerable to PWD under current climate conditions (b).
Distributions of PWN were drawn according to EPPO [57]. For Mexico, Spain, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan, the presence of PWN was recorded at the country level [57]. Occurrences of PWD were determined according to previous literature [29,30,35–39,58,59].
Fig 4.
Details of risk areas in Europe (a), mainland China and Taiwan (b), and South Korea and Japan (c).
Blue lines indicate the provinces where PWD has been reported.
Fig 5.
Regions vulnerable to PWD under future climate conditions according to four RCPs (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) in the 2070s.
Fig 6.
Changes in the areas of vulnerable regions with climate change under four RCPs (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) in the 2050s and 2070s.
Table 2.
PWD risk of each susceptible Pinus species.
Fig 7.
Example changes in the areas of vulnerable regions of three Pinus species (P. massoniana, P. pinaster, and P. sylvestris).
Upper figures represent native distribution areas of each species and lower figures the area ratio of vulnerable regions to the whole distribution area under each climate condition for each species.
Fig 8.
Regions vulnerable to PWD and habitat degradation for susceptible Pinus species under climate change in the 2070s.
Areas integrating dark brown and yellow indicate regions vulnerable to habitat degradation.