Table 1.
Descriptive participant data for each martial art group.
Fig 1.
Three-dimensional view of reflective marker placement on participants to track the movement of bodily segments during roundhouse kicking.
Fig 2.
Example of target pad orientation relative to a global coordinate system for a right roundhouse kick.
Target Pad (A).
Fig 3.
Example of the postures adopted by the participants at the Preparation (A), Chamber (B), Extension (C), and Recoil Phases (D).
Figure includes the orientation of the global coordinate system (GCS).
Fig 4.
Mean impact forces represented as a function of body weight for Muay Thai (n = 8), Karate (n = 8) and Taekwondo (n = 8) groups (error bars represent +1SD).
Table 2.
Mean, maximum angular velocities and range of motion (ROM) data (± SD) at the pelvis, hip, and knee during Extension phase.
Fig 5.
Mean kicking leg 3D hip and knee joint displacement and velocity data for Muay Thai, Karate, and Taekwondo groups.
Displacement (A) and velocity (B). Muay Thai (dashed), Karate (solid) and Taekwondo (dotted line). Data are time normalized from the start of the Chamber Phase (0%) until 0.1 s after impact with the kicking pad (100%). Impact with the kicking pad is shown as a vertical line.