Table 1.
Nutrient composition of chicken feed used in current study (%).
Fig 1.
Changes in BSF nutritional spectra and biomass accumulation during the life cycle.
All the results were calculated by dry mass. d-L: day-larvae.
Table 2.
Crude protein, crude fat and ash content of BSF in diverse life cycle steps.
Fig 2.
Variations of crude protein content in individual BSF dry mass during life phases.
All the results were calculated by dry mass. d-L: day-larvae. E-prepupa: early prepupa. L-prepupa: late prepupa. E-pupa: early pupa. L-pupa: late pupa. P-adult: postmortem adult. Female and male sampling was complete in two days after emergence. The proportion of male and female in postmortem adult samples was about 1:1. Bars indicate the standard error of the means (n = 3).
Fig 3.
Modification of crude fat in dry mass in individual BSF life cycle.
All the results were calculated by dry mass. d-L: day-larvae. E-prepupa: early prepupa. L-prepupa: late prepupa. E-pupa: early pupa. L-pupa: late pupa. P-adult: postmortem adult. Female and male sampling was complete in two days after emergence. The proportion of male and female in postmortem adult samples was about 1:1. Bars indicate the standard error of the means (n = 3).
Fig 4.
Dry mass fluctuation of individual BSF in different life stages.
All the results were calculated by dry mass. d-L: day-larvae. E-prepupa: early prepupa. L-prepupa: late prepupa. E-pupa: early pupa. L-pupa: late pupa. P-adult: postmortem adult. Female and male sampling was complete in two days after emergence. The proportion of male and female in postmortem adult samples was about 1:1. Bars indicate the standard error of the means (n = 3).
Fig 5.
Nutritional spectra in dry mass of female and male adult BSF.
(A) show dry mass variation, (B) illustrate crude protein content alteration, (C) demonstrate crude fat content modification, (D) explains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids changes. (Female and male sampling in two days after emergence). Bars indicate the standard error of the means (n = 3).
Table 3.
Amino acid compositions of BSF in different life history traits and comparison with soybean meal and fish meal.
Fig 6.
Alteration of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the dry mass of individual BSF during metamorphosis.
All the results were calculated by dry mass. d-L: day-larvae. E-prepupa: early prepupa. L-prepupa: late prepupa. E-pupa: early pupa. L-pupa: late pupa. P-adult: postmortem adult. Female and male sampling was complete in two days after emergence. The proportion of male and female in postmortem adult samples was about 1:1.
Table 4.
Fatty acids compositions of BSF in different life steps (calculated by fat percentage).
Table 5.
Vitamin and mineral content of Hermetia illucens.