Table 1.
Microbial strains used in this study.
Table 2.
Primers used for PCR in this study.
Fig 1.
Macroscopic examination of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN.
(A) and (B) The colony morphologies of LN on LB agar and blood agar plates, respectively. (C) and (D) The LN cells observed under phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopes, respectively. (E) Gram-stained LN cells observed under a phase-contrast microscope.
Fig 2.
Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree-based study of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene of Bacillus species.
At major nodes, bootstrap percentages for 1,000 re-samplings are shown. The scale bar represents 0.1 nucleotide substitution per nucleotide position. Bacillus species include Bacillus aerophilus 28K (GenBank accession no. AJ831844), B. altitudinis 41KF2b (AJ831842), B. amyloliquefaciens BCRC 11601 (NR_116022), B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 (X60605), B. amyloliquefaciens LN (KP261025), B. anthracis ATCC 14578 (KC119183), B. licheniformis DSM 13 (X68416), B. mojavensis CR-95 (AY603656), B. mycoides ATCC 6462 (NR_115993), B. pseudomycoides JCM 12231 (LC107614), B. pumilus ATCC 7061 (AY876289), B. safensis FO-036b (AF234854), B. sonorensis NRRL B-23154 (NR_025130), B. subtilis subsp. subtilis DSM 10 (AJ276351), and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792 (NR_114581). Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (NR_114471) was used as an outgroup to root the tree.
Table 3.
The biochemical characteristics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350.
Fig 3.
Growth curves Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 cultured in LB broth with or without ZEN (3.5 ppm), and ZEN degradation kinetics of B. amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 in LB broth with ZEN (3.5 ppm).
The bars represent standard errors of the means.
Fig 4.
ZEN degradation kinetics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.1 M, pH 7.0) containing 5 ppm of ZEN.
Fig 5.
Growth curves and ZEN degradation kinetics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 in corn meal medium containing 1.56 ppm ZEN.
The bars represent standard errors of the means.
Table 4.
Results of enterotoxin detection.
Fig 6.
Survival of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 after incubation at pH 2.0 or 3.0 (A) or in the presence of 0.3% oxgall (B). The bars represent standard errors of the means.
Table 5.
Anti-pathogen activities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LN and B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350.