Fig 1.
Panama (1, 2), Colombia (3), Venezuela (4) and Brazil (5).
Fig 2.
Stratigraphic sections and Diodontidae occurrence.
Gatun Formation of Panama [54], Cantaure Formation of Venezuela [55], Socorro Formation of Venezuela [56], Pirabas Formation of Brazil [57]. Sections that not specifically related to fossil diodontids were erected from the Tuira (Panama) and Jimol (Colombia) formations.
Fig 3.
Correlations of the Neogene formations of tropical America with fossil Diodontidae treated herein [21].
Fig 4.
1–3. †Chilomycterus tyleri n. sp., lower jaw, 99.8 mm in width, late Miocene Gatun Formation, Las Lomas, San Judas Tadeo, Colón, Panama, holotype, NMB P1208 (1, occlusal; 2, anterior; 3, posterior views). 4–6. †Chilomycterus ferreirai (Santos and Travassos 1960) [29], upper jaw, 24 mm in width, early Miocene Pirabas Formation, Praia de Atalaia, Salinópolis, Brazil, MPEG 2084-V (4, occlusal; 5, posterior; 6, anterior views). 7–9. †C. ferreirai, lower jaw, 16.2 mm in width, early Miocene Pirabas Formation, Praia do Castelo, Ilha de Fortaleza, São João de Pirabas, Brazil, holotype, MN 2649-V (7, occlusal; 8, posterior; 9, anterior views). 10–11. †C. ferreirai, upper jaw, 25.0 mm in width, early Miocene Cantaure Formation, San José de Cocodite, Venezuela, UNEFM-PF-270 (10, anterior; 11, occlusal views). 12. †C. exspectatus n. sp., upper tooth plate battery, 20.2 mm in width, late Miocene Gatun Formation, San Judas Tadeo, Colón, Panama, holotype, MNB P1205 (occlusal view). 13. †C. exspectatus n. sp., lower tooth plate battery, 16.64 mm in width, late Miocene Gatun Formation, San Judas Tadeo, Colón, Panama, paratype, MNB P1206 (occlusal view). 14. Chilomycterus sp. tooth plate battery, 28.8 mm in width, middle Miocene Tuira Formation, Rio Icuanati, small tributary from village Boca de Marraganti (loc. PPP 1593), Darien, Panama, MNB P1207 (occlusal view). 15. Chilomycterus sp., tooth plate battery, 13.0 mm in width, Jimol Formation, late early Miocene, Guajira Peninsula, Colombia, MUN-STRI- 41506 (occlusal view). 16. †Diodon serratus n. sp., tooth plate battery, 18.0 mm in width, middle Miocene Socorro Formation, Quebrada Honda, Urumaco, Venezuela, holotype, AMU-CURS-760 (occlusal view). Scale bar 10 mm.
Fig 5.
1–3. †Chilomycterus kugleri (Casier 1958) [33], holotype, tooth plate battery, late Miocene, Gross Morne Formation, Trinidad, NMB-Ant.58 (1, occlusal; 2, anterior; 3, posterior views). 4–5. †C. vetus (Leidy 1877) [37], upper jaw, middle Miocene Tamana Formation, Trinidad. NMB-Ant.57 (4, occlusal; 5, antero-dorsal views). 6. †C. circunflexus (Leriche 1942) [34], upper jaw, provably late Miocene, La Cueva Sin Nombre, La Havana, MNHNH-P2083, occlusal view; 7–8. †C. circunflexus, lower tooth plate battery, middle Miocene, Caspersen Beach 2, Venice, Florida, USA, PIMUZ A/I 3651. (7, occlusal; 8, anterior; 9, posterior views). 10–12. †C. gatunensis (Toula, 1909) [31], holotype, upper jaw, late Miocene Gatun Formation, Panama, NHMW 1933/XVIII/167. (10, occlusal; 11, antero-dorsal; 12, anterior views). Scale bar 10 mm.
Fig 6.
1–4. †Diodon sigma Martin 1883 [60], tooth plate battery, Miocene, Java Island, Indonesian, MNB-T.A.121. (1, occlusal; 2, anterior; 3, posterior; 4, lateral views). 5–6. †D. scillae Agassiz 1843 [61], tooth plate battery, Cueva sin Nombre, La Havana, Cuba, MNHNH- P3646. (5, occlusal; 6, basal views). Scale bar 10 mm.
Fig 7.
1–2. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus 1758 [62], lower jaw, Indian Ocean, Seychelles Islands, ANSP 102789, 505.0 mm standard length specimen (SL). (1, external; 2, occlusal views); 3–4. D. hystrix, lower jaw, Caribbean, Puerto Rico, ANSP 109515, unavailable SL. (3, external; 4, occlusal views); 5–6. D. hystrix, lower jaw, Caribbean, Venezuela, UFF ZO426, unavailable SL. (5, external; 6, occlusal views); 7–8. D. holocanthus Linnaeus 1758 [62], lower jaw, Indian Ocean, Seychelles Islands, ANSP 102787, 375.0 mm SL specimen. (7, external; 8, occlusal views); 9. D. liturosus Shaw 1804 [63], lower jaw, Indian Ocean, India, ANSP 109145, unavailable SL. (9, external view); 10. Chilomycterus nicthemerus (Cuvier 1818) [64], articulate lower jaw, Port Phillip, Bass Straight and vicinity, Australia, AMNH 219858, unavailable SL. (10, occlusal view); 11–12. C. antillarum Jordan and Rutter 1897 [65], lower jaw, Caribbean, Guadeloupe, MNHN 971–9506.0023, unavailable SL. (11, external; 12, occlusal views); 13–14. C. schoepfii (Walbaum 1792) [66], lower jaw, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, USA, ANSP 109514, unavailable SL. (13, external; 14, occlusal views); 15–16. C. spinosus (Linnaeus 1758) [62], lower jaw, Western Atlantic, Itaipú, Brazil, UFF ZO132, 184 mm SL specimen. (15, anterior; 16, occlusal views). (photos ANSP specimens by K. Luckenbill; AMNH R. by Arrindell; UNEFM by A. Bertoncini; MNHN by M. Lopes).
Fig 8.
Micro CT plates of ontogenetic series of jaws from extant Chilomycterus spinosus from Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
1–5, UFF ZO314: 92 mm total body length (TL), 72 mm standard length (SL); 6–10,UFF ZO312: 159 mm TL, 120 mm SL; 11–15, UFF ZO315: 276 mm TL, 230 mm SL.
Fig 9.
Paleogeographic range of Diodontidae.
†Chilomycterus circumflexus, †C. exspectatus n. sp. † C. ferrerai, †C. gatunensi, †C. tyleri n. sp., †C. kugleri, †C. vetus, † Diodon serratus n. sp. and †D. scillae, from the Neogene Marine Tropical America. Modified schematic reconstruction [20,21,56,95,114,115,116,117,118].
Fig 10.
Biogeographic distribution of Recent Diodon species.
D. eydouxii (yellow triangle), D. liturosus (blue triangle), D. nicthemerus (red triangle), D. holocanthus (purple triangle) and D. hystrix (green triangle). Modified from Froese and Pauly [67], Robertson and Allen [68] and Robertson and Tassell [69].
Fig 11.
Biogeographic distribution of Recent Chilomycterus species.
C. antennatus (blue circle), C. antillarum (green circle), C. reticulatus (red circle), C. schoepfii (yellow circle) and C. spinosus (purple circle). Modified from Froese and Pauly [67], Robertson and Allen [68] and Robertson and Tassell [69].