Fig 1.
The worldwide distribution of fossil and living Pseudolarix.
Fossil records are updated based on LePage and Basinger [5]; for updated fossil records, see S1 Table. Living distribution data are accessed through Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH) Data Portal (http://www.cvh.ac.cn/) (S2 Table). The map is generated by ArcGis v. 9.3 (http://www.arcgis.com/home/index.html).
Fig 2.
Maps showing the fossil locality at Jiahua village, Tiantai County, Zhejiang, East China.
The maps are created by CorelDRAW X8 (http://www.coreldraw.com/en/product/graphic-design-software/).
Fig 3.
Bract-scale complex morphology of fossil and living Pseudolarix amabilis.
(A–D) Fossil specimen SX1. (A) Abaxial surface of the bract-scale complex. (B) Adaxial surface of the ovuliferous scale with arrowheads 1 and 2 pointing to the two seed impressions. (C) Amplification of the basal part of the abaxial bract-scale complex surface showing bract serrations and the pubescence insertion position, which are indicated by arrowheads 1 and 2, respectively. (D) Pubescence morphology. (E–H) Extant species for comparison. (E) Abaxial surface of the bract-scale complex. (F) Adaxial surface of the ovuliferous scale. (G) Amplification of the basal part of the abaxial bract-scale complex surface. Arrowheads in (F) and (G) point to the corresponding parts in (B) and (C), respectively. (H) Pubescence. Scale bars: (A, B, E, F), 1 cm; (C, G), 2 mm; (D, H), 50 μm.
Fig 4.
Reconstruction of fossil Pseudolarix amabilis.
(A) Abaxial surface of the bract-scale complex. (B) Adaxial surface of the ovuliferous scale. Panels (A, B) were drawn by Aili Li. Scale bars: (A, B), 1 cm.
Fig 5.
Ovuliferous scale epidermis of fossil and living Pseudolarix amabilis.
(A–C, H) Abaxial fossil cuticle. (A) Cuticle of the upper half of the ovuliferous scale showing the arrangement of epidermal cells and stomata. (B) Outer surface of the cuticle showing the sunken stomatal apparatus. (C) Inner surface of the cuticle showing the cuticular projection resulting from the sunken stomatal apparatus. (D-G, I) Abaxial epidermis of extant species for comparison. (D) Epidermis of the upper half of the ovuliferous scale. (E) Outer surface of the sunken stomatal apparatus. (F) Cuticular projection on the inner surface of the cuticle. (G) Cuticle with epidermal cells attached with arrowhead 1 pointing to the stoma, arrowhead 2 pointing to the epidermal cell, and arrowhead 3 pointing to the cuticle. (H) Cuticle of the auriculate parts of the fossil ovuliferous scale with the approximate isodiametric polygon epidermis cells indicated by an arrowhead. (I) Cuticle at the base of the auriculate parts of the extant ovuliferous scale. Scale bars: (A, D, G, I), 40 μm; (B, C, E, F), 10 μm; (H), 100 μm.
Fig 6.
Bract epidermis of fossil and living Pseudolarix amabilis.
(A–C) Fossil cuticle. (A) Adaxial cuticle showing the arrangement of epidermal cells and stomata. (B) Inner surface of the stomatal apparatus showing the monocyclic subsidiary cells. (C) Abaxial cuticle showing the rectangular epidermal cells. (D–F) Cuticle of extant species for comparison. (D) Adaxial epidermal cells and stomata. (E) Stomatal apparatus. (F) Abaxial epidermal cells. Scale bars: (A, C, D, F), 40 μm; (B, E), 20 μm.
Fig 7.
MAT requirements for the survival of Pseudolarix amabilis compared with global climate over the Cenozoic.
(A) Global benthic δ18O record (modified from Zachos et al. [7]). (B) MAT requirements of P. amabilis at different time slices during the Cenozoic (for details, see Table 1). The dashed line shows the linear trend in the median required MAT values.
Table 1.
The MAT requirements of Pseudolarix amabilis through geological timea.